YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION IN UPPER SWALEDALE. ° 205 
From Spout Gill onward to Muker the attention of the party was 
chiefly devoted to botanical = several additions to the 
published lists being made on the way. 
On the second day a aerate of the party gathered at Muker, 
and left for Keld by way of the east side of Kisdon. Soon after 
succession was briefly described. The rocks best exhibited were the 
Undersett and the Main Limestones. Attention was directed to the 
smooth and rounded-off contour of the hill, especially to the 
north-east of Muker. This is due to the fact that the prevailing 
direction of movement of the ice during the Glacial Period had been 
oblique to the outcrop of the strata ; where it long coincided with the 
outcrop, terraces of the more resistant strata resulted. Several small 
faults and mineral veins could easily be made out in the scars below 
Ivelet Moor, and the study of these gave rise to considerable dis- 
cussion as to the origin of metalliferous veins in general. Mr. Good- 
child regarded these as having received their present contents by 
deposition from thermal water rising through pre-existing fissures 
(faults, etc.) at a time when the rocks were undergoing their last 
principal upheaval, in Miocene times (J. G. Goodchild, ‘Cumberland 
and Westmorland Minerals,’ Trans. Cumb. and Westmld. Assoc., vii, 
pp. 107-110 (1882), and ‘Genesis of Metalliferous Deposits,’ Proc. 
Geol. Assoc., xi, No. 2, p. 49 et se 
Above Hartlakes the party obtained a good general view of the 
lead-mines of Swinner Gill, as well as those of Beldi Hill. These 
are situated upon the westerly continuation of the E. and N.E. veins 
so long worked in the Old Gang Mines. They are here much 
disrupted and deranged by faults, whose general direction is north- 
westerly. These are the o/der set, and have ‘trailed’ the later-formed 
easterly faults (‘Notes on Faults,’ J. G. Goodchild, Trans. Edin. 
eol. Soc., 1889, pp. 71-74). Their broader features were described 
as far as was necessary for general purposes. 
n the south side of Kisdon Lower. Foss (in Wensleydale 
a waterfall is called a ‘ Fors,’ in Swaledale ‘Foss’: it is interesting to 
find both Scandinavian names), which is caused by the superposition 
of the (harder) Undersett Limestone upon the (softer) shale and 
sandstone at its base, the contingent from Keld and Thwaite was 
met. Then, after a pleasant ramble together amongst the beautifully- 
wooded crags below Birkhill, a move was made in the direction of 
Kisdon. Arrived at the north end of that hill the party had an 
opportunity of studying all the broader geological features of that 
supremely beautiful part of Swaledale. The effect of the numerous 
July 1891 
