399 
THE AVI-FAUNA OF ARKENGARTHDALE, 
SWALEDALE, AND THE NEW FOREST. 
JOHN E. TINKLER, 
Caunton, Newark. 
In the following notes I have tried to give as exact an account as 
possible of the observations and enquiries made by myself in the 
above district during the past twelve years. It comprises the entire 
drainage area of the Swale and Arkle to within a mile or two of 
Richmond. Arkengarthdale and High Swaledale are mainly com- 
posed of a lofty group of fells, reaching their highest point in Great 
Shunnor Fell, 2, 346 feet above sea-level, and seldom reaching a lower 
elevation than 1,600 feet. ' They are mainly cragless, treeless sweeps 
of moorland, their surface composed of peat bog, ling, coarse grass 
and bents, mixed with swamp, with here and there a small tarn or 
reservoir, the latter constructed for lead-mining purposes. ‘These are 
succeeded by lower ranges of hills varying in altitude from upwards 
of 1,600 feet, until at Applegarth and the Red Scars at the extreme 
limit of my district, the heights of 950 and 965 feet respectively are 
reached. The highest point of the New Forest is Kexwith Moor, 
1,450 feet. The tops of these lower hills much resemble the higher 
fells as to their surface, but many of their edges are margined by fine 
limestone precipices, the most notable being Kisdon, Winterings, 
Ellerton, Downholme, Red, Garnless, Clints and Applegarth Scars 
in Swaledale; the Fell End Scars in Arkengarthdale, and Casey 
Green Scar in the New Forest. Besides the two main valleys 
containing the rivers Swale and Arkle, the hills and fells are inter- 
sected by numerous deep ravines called Gills, containing smaller 
streams or becks, often well wooded on their lower slopes with 
mountain ash, birch, hazel, juniper, yew, holly, thorn and other trees 
and bushes, and many of them having small but beautiful waterfalls. 
Some of these gills are margined by fine limestone crags, notably, 
East Stonesdale, Swinnergill, Gunnerside Gill and Oxnop Gill in 
Swaledale, and Little Punchard Gill in Arkengarthdale. Cotterby 
and White Wallis Scars are fine examples of wood-clothed crags by 
the Swale near Keld. 
_ The largest sheet of water is Birkdale Tarn, about half a mile in 
circumference, on an elevated moorland not far from the source of 
the Swale. There are.also Summer Lodge, Frith and Whitaside 
Tarns in Swaledale, and Hoove Tarn in Arkengarthdale, all at an 
elevation of over 1,600 feet. The largest reservoir is Moss Dam, 
1892. 
