CoFFiov — Intercourse of Gaul with Ircldiul before First Century. 105 



certain and fairly early. It was found in a bog ou the borders of Lough-na- 

 shade, near Armagh. The other trumpets have spiked ornament round their 

 ends, and in several cases have been found in numbers of two and three 

 together. There were several discovered in the Dowris find, in the same find 

 as bronze spears and other objects but none of iron ; so the date is approxi- 

 mately certain, and they seem to have preceded and led into the La Tene 

 period. Some of these trumpets have a long, straight tube, which fits to the 

 narrow end of the curved portion ; the upper end of this tube has also four 

 rivet-holes, to which another tube or mouthpiece may have been fixed. This 

 form, with a straight tube and curved end, is the litum of the Eomans. 



Fio. 7. — Cormi and Lituus, from a bas-relief at Aquila. First century b.c. 



The Eomans are believed to have adopted this form of trumpet from the 

 Etruscans, who were in contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul from an early 

 period. Polybius, describing the defeat of the Celts by the Eomans at the 

 battle of Telamon, B.C. 225, speaks of the " innumerable horns and trumpets " 

 of the Celts (Gaesatae, Insubres, Taurisci and Boii). 



Fio S.-Tnimpet in twi. parts foun>l wiih si.K others near Trak-c. t'l'. Kerry. 



A bronze lituus, found in an Etruscan tomb at Cerveti, is preserved in 

 the Vatican Museum ; and representations of similar trumpets occur on other 

 Etruscan tombs. Several of the Irish horns are open at both ends, and 

 have rivet-holes at the narrow end ; they are probably the curved portions of 

 trumpets of this form, of which the straight tubes are lost, though possibly 

 some other form of attachment may have been in use. 



If these trumpets are supposed to be in any way connected with those 

 mentioned by Polybius, though the Irish horns are no doubt much earlier, the 



