144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



and back to Montreal again, the middle-men at 150 livres and the 

 end-men at 300 livres each. The guide has the command of his 

 brigade, and is answerable for all pillage and loss ; and in return, 

 every man's wages is answerable to him. This regulation was 

 established under the French government. Henry, p. 14 



The ordinary canoe from Albany to the seacoast was the dugout, 

 and this was used in New England. Roger Williams described how 

 independently a man fashioned this : 



I have seene a Native goe into the woods with his hatchet, carry- 

 ing onely a Basket of Corne with him, and stones to strike fire when 

 he had feld his tree (being a chestnut) he made him a little House 

 or shed of the bark of it, he puts fire and followes the burning of it 

 with fire, in the midst in many places ; his corne he boyles and hath 

 the Brooke by him, and sometimes angles for a little fish ; but so hee 

 continues burning and hewing untill he hath within 10 or 12 dayes 

 (lying there at his worke alone) finished, and (getting hands) 

 lanched his Boate ; with which afterward hee ventures out to fish in 

 the Oceane. Williams, ch.18 



In what is considered the earliest view of New York city in 1635, 

 attributed to Augustine Hermann, is a strange form of the dugout 

 which may possibly be the artist's fancy. It is a long boat, manned 

 by five men, which has sloping ends rising far above the sides. From 

 the highest point are long horizontal projections, terminating in large 

 balls. There are smaller canoes of a common type. Figure 27 shows 

 this form from an engraving of 1673, precisely like the former, but 

 propelled by women. The figure is entitled Navis ex arboribus 

 trunco igne excavata. No early writer has described this in New 

 York, nor does it at first seem probable that the Indians would have 

 made one of this form. Moulton accepted it, and suggested a fair 

 explanation. He described the earlier figure. There was at each 

 end, he said, " what may be termed a bowsprit finished by a spherical 

 head about the size of a man's. These bowsprits or handles seem an 

 ingenious contrivance for lifting the canoe and carrying it on the 

 land, by two men hoisting it on their shoulders, and thus as on a 

 pole, carrying it from place to place with ease and expedition." 

 Moulton, vii 



If it were light, two men might suffice, but for a heavier one four 

 men might use crossbars, one at each end, and the balls would pre- 



