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Vienna — evidently some American student had left his mark.* Moreover 

 men smoked slowly and in moderation and spat very little. Any of you who 

 have travelled in the Old World know the difference in cleanliness between 

 European cities and our own. On getting back home I saw things I never 

 really had noticed before, especially the sort of air we breathe habitually. 



In 1900 I took up a systematic study of dusty air and prevalent ill 

 health, and gradually enlarged the scope of inquiry to the domestication 

 and urbanization of man. What this means can in a general way be seen 

 from my various papers before the Academy. This period from 1900 to 

 1915 may be divided into subperiods: 



The period from 1900 to 1906 may be characterized as one of disgust 

 and contempt for the tobacco user, in the light of the harm he does to others, 

 especially to women and children. I held to the old belief that men smoked 

 (and drank) because they wanted to. But I found that to neglect the tobacco 

 users means to get little data, and beginning with 1906 I gave some men and 

 boys considerable attention, trying to find out why tobacco had such a hold 

 and why some could readily discontinue the habit and others only with the 

 greatest difficulty, if at all. Naturally one is apt to pity the man who sees 

 the harm the tobacco habit does to others and yet can not quit, to whom 

 tobacco is a sedative. Some of these men found that by using it "medici- 

 nally" a very small quantity sufficed. I believe if there were a high tax on 

 tobacco it would be used very sparingly; old habitues could get along with a 

 small quantity. 



Up to the close of 1905 I had been accustomed to call patients who reacted 

 to bad air Dust Victims. Then a bright woman said, "Why not call them 

 Tobacco Victims? The tobacco user is the one who is responsible for air 

 pollution, directly or indirectly." I kept a record for the year 1906 and at 

 least every other patient was what may be called a Tobacco Victim. This 

 included those dust victims who used tobacco, who had ill health on account 

 of infected air. I trust you see the distinction. 



In lime one gets all sorts of data and all sorts of reasons why a man uses 



*How do you know it was an American student? I was asked after ths paper was 

 read. I did not know; I oniy inferred, for I had not seen a single continental medical 

 student chew and spit. A few days later I spoke to an observant German physician 

 about this. The moment I mentioned "in front of the medisal school," he interrupted, 

 "Some American student dia that; German students don't chew tobacco; the man 

 who would chew and spit would be ostracized." He thus confirmed my own opinion. 



