240 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin 



the land for half a mile on either side of the river. Since all main 

 roads of approach to the Park pass through the Reservation, the 

 birds found within it have also been included in this report. Wher- 

 ever a species was found only on the Reservation and not in the 

 Park area, mention has been made of that fact. 



While the greater part of the Park is wild, forested land, there 

 are numerous settlements both within the area and near the border. 

 Just north of the Park, on the Allegheny River, lies the attractive 

 little city of Salamanca, a center for three railroads,- and a point 

 from which all accessible parts of the Park may be reached by 

 either railroad or automobile. On the east side of the Park, in the 

 valley of Tunungwant Creek is the village of Limestone, connected 

 with Salamanca by both the Erie and the Buffalo, Rochester and 

 Pittsburgh Railroads. From this point the Tunungwant Valley, 

 an area of different character than other parts of the Park, Lime- 

 stone Brook and Rice Brook are accessible; and by the road tip 

 Limestone Brook the head of the Red House Valley may be reached. 

 From Salamanca, the Pennsylvania Railroad follows down the 

 Allegheny Valley to stations on the west side of the Park. From 

 Red House on this railroad, good automobile roads lead up the 

 Red House Valley, one of the most scenic parts of the Park, and 

 up Little Red House or Bay State Creek. Farther south on the 

 river is Tunesassa, or Quaker Bridge, as it is known to the railroad, 

 which is central to the valley of Quaker Run (figure 73) and the 

 main area that has already been acquired by the Allegany State 

 Park Commission and opened up for the use of campers and visitors. 



In the larger valleys, such as Red House and Quaker Run, are 

 numerous farms, and much land under cultivation (figure 72). The 

 greater part of such land lies in the valley bottoms, where the soil 

 is rich. A few places on the hillsides have been cleared and culti- 

 vated and used for pasture, but the majority of the hills remain 

 forested. Nearly all the forested areas have been cut over, and the 

 bulk of the forest is second-growth. In the Big Basin at the head 

 of Stoddard Creek, near the head of Red House Creek, and in a 

 few other scattered areas of small size, the forests are old, mature, 

 and except for the culling of a few trees of the more desirable 

 species, are untouched by the axe. 



The purpose of this publication is not solely to furnish a guide 

 that will be helpful to the visitors in the Park in learning the names 

 of the birds they see, and understanding more fully their ways of 

 living; but also to describe the ecological distribution of the birds; 

 to outline a general plan for their preservation in the Park, be- 

 cause of their great recreational and educational value ; and to assist 

 in the conservation of the game birds, that the good hunting now 

 to be found in the region may be maintained in the future. 



That the abundance of bird life in a given region, the propor- 

 tionate abundance of each species, and the problems connected with 

 the preservation of each species all depend upon its ecology or 

 relation to its surroundings, is a fact that is none too thoroughly 

 realized. For these reasons, as well as for the fact that it will be 

 helpful to the bird student who wishes to know where to look for 



