402 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin 



separated so as to illustrate the ten different situations or " minor 

 habitats," distinguished by local names, as follows : 



i. Open Camp Site 6. Bog, Open and Forested 



2. Partial Clearing 7. Virgin Forest 



3. Habitation Clearing 8. Lumbered Clearing 



4. Burned Tract 9. Open Hardwood Forest 



5. Dry Grass Meadow 10. Sucker Brook 



These will be considered in the above order. 



1. The Open Camp Site. All the woodland birds may be seen 

 or heard from the Camp, for their activities bring them in and out 

 of the trees on the campus or surrounding it (figure 123), while 

 the Bald Eagle and various waterfowl and shore birds, either resi- 

 dents or visitors to the lake, including the Great Blue Heron, Her- 

 ring Gull, Loon and others, were added to the list from day to day. 

 Kingfishers and Bank Swallows nested in burrows in the sand- 

 banks along the shore. During the season of 1916 one or more 

 pairs of Song Sparrows, Slate-colored Juncos, Cedar Waxwings, 

 Red-eyed Vireos and Chipping Sparrows nested within the area of 

 the Camp. 



2. The Partial Clearing. Immediately back of the open camp 

 space, occupying about the same area and of a similar character, is 

 a fringe of open timber, undergrown with shrubbery, covering a 

 rocky knollside. In early lumbering operations the conifers were 

 removed, leaving tall maples, beeches and birches, among which are 

 scattered a second growth of hardwoods and a few of the original 

 conifers. The open places, littered with stumps, fallen trunks and 

 debris, have been liberally overgrown with saplings and berry bushes, 

 so that they virtually occupy all the illuminated space. The ridge 

 makes a gradual ascent to the rim rock back of the Camp, attain- 

 ing an elevation of about 330 feet at a distance of 600 feet from 

 the edge of the campus. This clearing is the home of the birds that 

 visit the campus, and it constitutes a distinct habitat in itself. It 

 contains a running spring, from which water trickles under the 

 bushes in a way to provide favorable bathing places ; and in the 

 course of the day most of the birds of the neighborhood may be 

 observed at or near this spring, either feeding in the surrounding 

 coverts or moving about in the trees scattered over the area. The 

 following species are identified with this partial clearing as a nesting 

 habitat : Bluebird, Robin, Chickadee, White-breasted Nuthatch. 

 Brown Creeper, Catbird, Redstart, Maryland Yellow-throat, the 

 Mourning, Chestnut-sided and Black-throated Blue Warblers, Red- 

 eyed Vireo, Cedar Waxwing, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Song Spar- 

 row, Chipping Sparrow, Least and Alder Flycatchers, Wood Pewee, 

 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker and Downy Woodpecker. The partial 

 clearing thus affords an excellent illustration of the influences exerted 

 by tall trees scattered over a clearing, in connection with suitable 

 shrubberv as a covert, water facilities for bathing and drinking, a 



