UssHer, ApAms, and KinAHAN—On Ballynamintra Cave. 77 
Nores on tHE Antmat Rematns. By A. Lerrn Apams, F.R.S., 
Professor of Natural History, Queen’s College, Cork. 
Man.—The human bones presented precisely the same outward 
discolourations as those of animals with which they were associated. 
They represented at least two individuals. 
Ox (Bos longifrons ?).—The remains of a small ox were, in all pro- 
bability, those of the Celtic short-horn. 
Rep Derr ( Cervus elaphus).—Bones referrible to red deer indicated 
an animal of rather small dimensions, and of the usual type found in 
the peat and the alluvial deposits. Two bones might be doubtfully 
claimed for reindeer. 
Iriso Exvx (Cervus megaceros).—This animal was by far the most 
numerously represented, excepting the hare and the rabbit. The re- 
mains of at least five individuals were discovered. With few excep- 
tions, all the bones were much broken, dark-coloured, with dendritic 
markings, and displayed solutions of continuity in their long axes. 
Some displayed traces of gnawing. 
Bear (Ursus ferox).—The bears’ remains showed the owners to 
have been large individuals, and of the species represented by the 
grisly bear. 
Inferences from the Facts discovered. 
The history of Ballynamintra Cave appears to be divisible into the 
following Periods :— 
First Period.—Formation of the rock cavity through aqueous 
agency, and deposition of the gravel by a tranquil stream. 
Second Period.—The cave ceases to be a river-channel, is inhabited 
by bears, and the stalagmite floor is formed on the gravel, entombing 
the bones of the bears and their prey. 
Third Period.—The stalagmite floor becomes partially broken up, 
and the pale sandy earth is intruded, enveloping the broken stalag- 
mite and various animal remains. 
Fourth Period.—Accumulation of earth, accompanied by the de- 
position of the cale tufa. The cave inhabited by men who were 
contemporaneous with the Irish elk, and occasionally by bears. 
That the deposition of the two upper earthy strata was gradual 
and successive is clearly shown by the layers of cale tufa formed one 
above another in the grey earth, and by the subsequent cessation of 
that calcareous material in the brown earth that overlaid it. This is 
corroborated by the sequence of the animal remains in the grey earth, 
and in the brown earth, as well as by the dissimilar colouring of the 
bones, the Irish elk being the characteristic animal of the former stra- 
tum, while domestic animals were most plentiful in the latter. 
These facts show that the human remains, implements, and char- 
coal-bed, found with the remains of Irish elk in the grey earth, were 
