Batt—On Some Indian Brass Castings. 279 
Captain Newbold in one of his Papers refers to the existence of such 
evidence of former works in some part of Southern India. 
Lead.—In certain districts of India lead has been largely manufac- 
tured in rudely-constructed furnaces, even where the ore was only 
obtainable by an enormous expenditure of labour. In one locality its 
manufacture was prohibited by the British Government, in conse- 
quence of the fact that the then existing state of things made it 
desirable that a material from which bullets were made might cease 
to be readily accessible. 
Copper.—At the present day copper is manufactured at many 
places, chiefly, however, at remotely situated mines in the Himalayas, 
where it can still compete with imported metal. Its preparation from 
the sulphur ores, and the production of the mutt, from which the 
metal is finally extracted, does much credit to those who invented 
the process, although, from insufficient heat in the furnaces, a large 
percentage of metal is lost. 
Zine.—This metal is only found in abundance in one mine, which 
is situated at Jawar in Rajputana. The volatility of zine renders 
open furnaces unsuitable for its reduction, and hence we find that 
rudely-constructed, though efficient, retorts were in use, but as to 
when and by whom they were invented we know nothing. The mine 
was closed in 1812, ard the industry is locally forgotten, so that, but 
for some descriptions of the process written many years ago by British 
officers, there would be nothing to show that the process had ever 
been in practice. 
Tin.—The deposits of tin ores in India are small and unimportant, 
so far as is at present known, and the manufacture has consequently 
been on a petty scale; but in Burmah, particularly in the Tenasserim 
province, tin ore has a widespread distribution throughout a tract 
which is in direct connexion with the more widely known districts 
of the Malayan countries. The reduction of these ores is effected in 
closed furnaces by colonies of Chinese and Shans, and less commonly 
by Burmese. 
Cobalt.—An ore of cobalt (cobaltite), called sazta, is found in cer- 
tain copper mines in Jaipur. By some unknown and secret process 
an oxide of cobalt is prepared from it, which is employed for colour- 
ing a blue enamel. It is said that it was also used for producing a 
rose colour on gold.. 
Iron.—The ores of this, the most useful of the metals, are found 
widely spread over most parts of India, and in some regions their 
development is on a scale of extraordinary magnitude. 
Various ores are used in the simple furnaces of the natives. The 
metal is produced in a malleable condition, directly, without ever 
having been in an actually fluid condition. The fuel is charcoal, 
often made exclusively from particular kinds of timber, and no flux 
except that naturally existing with the ore is employed. The out- 
put from these tiny furnaces is disproportionately small when com- 
