Bury—On the Roman Empire in Fourth Century, A.D. 495 
placed his acquisitions under the jurisdiction of the praetorian prefect 
of Italy. 
In March, 317, Constantine elevated Crispus, his son by Minervina, 
and Constantine, his eldest son by Fausta, then a mere child, to the 
rank of Caesar. The fact that Crispus gained a victory over the Franci 
in Gaul in 320 makes it possible that Constantine assigned to him the 
special care of Gaul. But in 321 he was in Illyricum with his father, 
while Nazarius was pronouncing an oration (Panegyricus Constantino) 
at Rome, in which the victory was celebrated. In 823 Constantius, 
then about seven years old, received the title of Caesar; and in the 
same year Licinius was defeated at Adrianople. 
As we saw aboye, there is some evidence in the Theodosian Code, 
which may be taken as indicating—though it by no means proves— 
that in some of the following years (326 and 328) there were four 
praetorian prefects. According to Eutropius, special provinces were 
assigned at this time to the Caesars. Hutropius, x., 6, ‘‘ Ko tempore 
res Romana sub uno Augusto et tribus Caesaribus quod numquam alias. 
fuit; cum liberi Constantini Galliae Orientis Italiaeque praessent.”’ 
If this statement is accurate, we may deduce that Constantine reserved 
the special care of Illyricum and Thrace for himself. As to the distri- 
bution among the children, it is not so easy to decide. As Crispus 
was put to death probably in 326, this statement must describe the 
state of things from 324 to 3826. I would suggest that Crispus con- 
tinued to be governor of Gaul; that the child, Constantius, was nomi- 
nally governor of Italy, under the immediate supervision of his father, 
and that Constantine reigned in the East. Now Constantius must 
have been governor in Gaul at sometime previous to 333; for Julian, 
in his “Eyxwpuov eis Kwvoravriov, says:—matépa tov oov d.avonbévra. 
gpatny av eikdtws Tois KeAtOv Oveow emiotnoaoce pvdaka Kal Bacrréa, 
petpaKtov ert, wGAXov O€ Talda KopLon TO XpOve, eel TH ye TUVETEL Kal 
pon Tots Kadots Kayabots avdpacw éevaytAAov non. We may, perhaps, 
conclude that after Crispus’ death in 326, Constantius was appointed 
governor of Gaul. What position the eldest son, Constantine, oc- 
cupied at this time we have no means of knowing with certainty. 
In 333, Constans, the third son, became Caesar, and in 335, the 
year of Constantine’s tricennalia, Dalmatius, his nephew, received the 
same title. 
We have no wreached the very difficult question as to Constantine’s 
division of the Empire among his sons and nephews. It is so involved, 
and the conclusions of modern historians vary so much, that we cannot 
do better than quote all the evidence bearing on the subject. But 
we may first note that there are two special points which must not be 
confused. (1). What was the actual arrangement made in 335? 
(2). What was the arrangement made by the sons when the nephews 
had been put out of the way? These two divisions are often confused. 
There is a further question, whether Constantine made any testa- 
mentary enactment to be carried out after his death. 
(1). Eusebios, De laudibus Constantin’, c. 8. The panegyrist 
