Bury—On the Roman Empire in Fourth Century, A.D. 501 
péxpt tov Mavpwv tov 7 TopOud Swpicpévwy ToD Oxeavod. Ta 
Kovotavtiw 5é Adxos yevérGar 600 Kara THY Eway potpay Hoav “Pwpatoes 
brjKoa kal mpos TovTas THY Opakyy civ TH TOAEL TH TarTpLKy. 
Zonaras was a man of more critical ability than most of the 
Byzantine historians; and it is noteworthy that he observed the dis- 
erepancies in older writers, some of whom ascribed the tripartition to 
Constantine, others to the three brothers. 
We now turn to examine the opinions of modern writers on this 
subject. 
(1). Gibbon, who follows Tillemont, gives the division made by 
Constantine in his lifetime as follows:—The younger Constantine 
ruled in Gaul; Constantius in the East; Constans in Italy, Africa, 
and Western Illyricum. ‘‘ He fixed Dalmatius on the Gothic frontier, 
to which he annexed the government of Thrace, Macedonia, and 
Greece.” 
After the massacre of the Flavian race this division was modified 
in the following manner:—Constantine obtained Constantinople ; 
Thrace was added to the countries of the East which Constantius 
governed ; “and Constans was acknowledged as the lawful sovereign of 
Italy, Africa, and the Western Illyricum.’’ Gibbon does not say what 
became of Macedonia, Greece, Dacia, and Moesia. 
(2). Heinrich Richter, in his long book, ‘‘ Das westromische Reich 
pbesonders unter den Kaisern Gratian, Valentinian II. and Maximus 
(875-388),” gives the division of 335 as follows (see p. 100, and note 
69, p. 671) :— 
Constantine held the Gallic prefecture. 
Constans », italy, Africa, chief part of Ilyricum. 
Constantius ,, Asia and Egypt. 
Dalmatius, subordinate to Constans, governed part of Servia and 
Bulgaria. 
Hannibalian, subordinate to Constantius, governed Pontus, Cappa- 
docia, and Armenia. 
On p. 103 (cf. n. 2, p. 671) the division of 338 at Sirmium is re- 
corded : 
Constantine obtained Britain, Spain, Gaul, part of Africa. 
Constans A Italy, Africa, Illyricum. 
Constantius _,, Thrace, Asia, Egypt. 
In regard to this reconstruction the following points should be 
noted :— 
(a). For the view that Dalmatius Caesar was not co-ordinate with 
the other three Caesars, but subordinate to Constans, Richter relies— 
(1) on the statement of Anon. Val. that he only possessed the ‘‘ Gothic 
Bank”; (2) on the words of Zosimos, cuvjpxov dé adrots Tpdrov Twa, 
which implies a certain subordination ; (3) on the passive réle played 
3 D2 
