Bury—On the Roman Empire in Fourth Century, A.D. 503 
After this long enumeration of authorities, we may come perhaps 
to the following conclusions :— 
(1). The arrangement of Constantine, in 335, divided the empire 
into four governments, each held by a Caesar: 
Constantine governed Gaul, Spain, and Britain. 
Constans a Italy and Africa. 
Dalmatius aS Illyricum and Thrace. 
Constantius %5 the East. 
Annibalian was assigned a subordinate position in the realm of Con- 
‘stantius, with the title rex regum. 
2). No change in this arrangement was made by Constantine at or 
before his death. 
(3). On Sept. 9, 337, the three sons of Constantine were proclaimed 
Augusti by the army, by which act Dalmatius was excluded from his 
share in the sovereignty. As a consequence of this it became neces- 
sary for the three brothers to divide the Balkan peninsula among 
themselves. Thrace would naturally be the share of Constantius; 
whilst it might suggest itself to the other brothers that Constans 
‘should take the rest of Illyricum, and give to Constantine a part of 
Italy or Africa equivalent to half of Illyricum. If there is any foun- 
dation for the statement of the Alexandrine chronicle (accepted by 
Tillemont and Gibbon), that the eldest brother reigned for a year at 
‘Constantinople, I would suggest that he may have been at Constanti- 
nople at the end of 337 and beginning of 338 to guard his interests in 
the division of Illyricum, and that on his return to Gaul (after the 
deaths of Dalmatius, &c.), in 838, he met Constans and Constantius at 
Sirmium, when they made a final arrangement. 
(4). It is certain that the partition of 338 gave Constantius Thrace. 
The vagueness with which the earlier historians define the divisions 
of Constantine and Constans—Zosimos not even attempting to distin- 
guish them, and Eusebios speaking with unprecise generality—seems 
to me to indicate that an arrangement was made but was not carried 
out. In the first place, there can be no doubt that this proposed 
arrangemént did not affect Gaul and Italy, which formed the main 
body of their respective realms; the words of Eusebios (V. C.) make 
this certain. In the second place, Eusebios’ words, tiv dé tovtwv 
peony, render it a natural presumption, confirmed by Zonaras, &c., that 
Constans obtained the whole of Illyricum (all the Balkan peninsula, 
except Thrace). In the third place, it is plain that Constantine 
would not have agreed to surrender his right to a share in the spoils 
of Dalmatius without receiving some equivalent from Constans. 
Constans must have undertaken to hand over to him part of Africa ; 
and it was either because Constans did not fulfil this engagement, or 
