504 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 
because Constantine demanded part of Italy as well, that Constantine 
made war on Constans.! 
Zosimos, u., 41, says that they quarrelled about ‘Carthaginian 
Libya’ and Italy—zepi rjs id Kapxnddva ArBiys Kat ‘Itadtas yevo- 
pevys audicBynryncews. 
Victor, Epit. 41, Interim ob Italiae Africaeque jus dissentire statum 
Constantinus et Constans. 
Zonaras, xur., 5. 6 d€ Kwvoravtivos TO Koévotavte érepveto tiv 
duavéunow TOV xwpOv aitiwpevos’ Kal 7) TapaxwpnoaL MEpous AUTO TIS. 
apXys aravrwv 7 diadacacba Tas Bacireias audw CnTov. 
We must now return to the praetorian prefects. It is plain that 
the quadripartition of Constantine among four Caesars involved four 
courts, four bodies of civil servants (palatinc), four praetorian prefects. 
And accordingly it might be said that in this way Constantine did 
institute four prefectures. But the point is, that the number of pre- 
fectures was a consequence of the number of the Caesars, was, we 
may say, accidental. As soon as the number of emperors changed, 
the number of prefects might change too. Zosimos did not grasp this. 
point, because in his time the four praetorian prefects were an estab- 
lished institution. 
We do not know whether Constans, before the death of his brother 
Constantine, placed Italy and Illyricum under one prefect or two. We 
saw above that after the death of Constans, when Constantius was- 
sole Emperor, Italy and Illyricum had separate prefects. Their re- 
union under one prefect, Mamertinus, in 362, was the work of Julian. 
But Constantius’ system of two prefects seems to have been merely 
the continuation of a system that necessarily prevailed during the ten. 
years in which he shared the Empire with Constans. It is, I believe, 
generally supposed that after the death of Constantine II. Illyricum 
continued to remain under the sway of Constans. In that case the 
younger brother would have had far the larger share; and it is hardly 
likely that Constantius would have consented to such a displacement 
of equilibrium for any length of time. That Illyricum was ruled by 
Constantius before the death of his brother, is proved by a constitution 
of 349 (xii. 1, 89), addressed ad Anatolium Pf. P., and dated from 
Antioch ; as Philippus was at that time Pf. P. of the East, Anatolius. 
was Pf. P. of Illyricum. In 346 however a constitution is addressed 
to Anatolius from Caesena; so it would seem that the new arrange- 
ment was made between 346 and 349. Such an arrangement involved 
four praetorian prefects. 
In the Codex Theod. Probus is mentoned as praetorian prefect 
1 It seems to me that we may discover a proof that Africa was actually placed 
under the jurisdiction of Constantine in Cod. Theod. xii. 1, 27 (Have Celsine karis- 
sime nobis), a constitution which concerns the administration of the African 
province, but is dated from ‘Trier, which seems to show that Celsinus was P. P. 
Galliarum (not as Haenel says, Ztaliae), and that Africa at that time was included 
in that prefecture. 
