fertilization (fig. 1). 
nQ 
JC 
In dried specimens I could not see distinet starch-grains, but 
only indistinetly limited spots giving blue-violet colour with iodine. 
Gonidia seem to occur much more frequently than the carpospores on our 
coasts, as I have met with the species at all seasons and most frequently with 
Fig. 1. 
Bangia fusco-purpurea. Frag- 
ment of female filament with 
fertilization tubes and a few 
spermatia still adhering. 
390 : 1. 
spores, which must be regarded as gonidia. These spores may 
arise in very thin threads whose articles show only one longi- 
tudinal wall, but their origin can also take place in thick 
threads with numerous longitudinal walls. As a rule two or 
four spores are produced by each mother-cell; most frequently 
I found no starch in these spores, but in a few cases I obser- 
ved numerous very small starch-grains in spores which were 
undoubtedly gonidia (Thyborøn and Skagen, July). In May I 
saw the spores escape from threads recently collected at Hirs- 
hals, a process that took place very rapidly; amoeboid move- 
ments I did not observe, but the chromatophore showed alter- 
ations of form. In one spore it had taken a globular form and 
was sharply defined; shortly afterwards it became angular and 
seemed about to take the ordinary stellate shape, but it soon 
took again the rounded form. In other cases these spores 
showed the amoeboid movements. 
This species occurs at ordinary high-water mark and 
higher, so that it is frequently out of the water and even 
dried up and in great measure only wetted by the spray of 
the waves. It is therefore easy to understand why it is not 
commoner than it is at the Danish shores, where the tide is mostly insignificant; 
in unfavourable periods with continual low water and calm, dry weather it would 
be in danger and would be killed at all the places, 
where it is not protected by special conditions against 
desiccation of long duration. At Frederikshavn it 
grows chiefly on the outer sides of the moles, where 
with a westerly wind the level of the sea is pro- 
portionally high, while with an easterly wind the 
level is low but the mole ordinarily washed by the 
waves. The most dangerous condition for the Bangia 
vegetation is a fairly long period of easterly winds 
with the wind so light, that this vegetation is not 
reached by the waves, especially when the weather 
at the same time is bright and dry. Its occurrence 
Fig. 2. 
Bangia fusco-purpurea. Transverse sections 
of female threads with eystocarpia. 200: 1. 
is therefore very different, not only at various seasons, but also in different years. 
In winter it is very abundant, but the critical period of the spring will every year 
kill a greater or smaller part of it and on the duration and intensity of this period 
depends to what degree that will take place. In summer for example it occurs at 
