irregular; in some places the frond projects downward sand, consists there of larger 
cells, which may here be up to 17, high. 
The cells of the frond contain, as far as could be judged from the examination 
of dried specimens, a vaulted chromatophore in the upper part of the cell. Nu- 
merous starch grains often fill the cells, particularly in the under part of the frond. 
The under 
face of the frond 
is covered with S ] \ 
chalk, but the 
frond itself does 0 VI G N 
not appear to be In 0) 
incrusted. @ O B 
The sexual Al À \ @ 2 
J ©) Cc D 
organs are al- 
ways situated in to) 
nemathecia on 
the upper side of 
the frond. The 
nemathecial fil- 
aments consist 
of4oröcells,the \ 
undermost of N 
which have the . || \ 
same breadth as I 
the upper cells @ i 
of the crust, or @ 
about 7—8 Us S 
while the thick- | Fig. 113. | 
RE oe ee D Onde ren 
ments tapers to- of fecundation. E—H, auxiliary-cell filaments; a, auxiliary cell; s, sporogenous filament. 
I, not fully developed cystocarp; a, auxiliary cell or fusion cell. A—D 630:1. E—I 400:1. 
wards the midd- 
le and in the upper part it is only 2—3(—4) », without considering the gelatinous outer 
wall (fig. 112 C). The upper cells are 3 or 4 times as long as broad or even longer. 
The antheridia arise from the nemathecial filaments by division of all the 
cells or with the exception of the undermost one or two cells. The cells are divided 
by transversal walls or at the same time by longitudinal walls in small antheridial 
cells (spermatangia), which are about 24 in diameter; in a longitudinal section 
each filament appears as composed of one or two longitudinal series of cells (fig. 
112 D). The antheridia occur in particular male nemathecia or in the same nema- 
thecia as the carpogonia. 
The carpogonia are terminal on 4- or 5-celled branches given off from the 
lower part of the nemathecial filaments. They are cut off by an oblique curved 
