specimens which endure the winter in a more advanced stage of development. In 
the northern part of the Kattegat, in the neighbourhood of Frederikshavn, I did not 
find any specimen of this species when collecting Algæ in December 1894 and 
Januar 1895, while it is very common there in summer. On the other hand 
full-grown specimens more frequently endure the winter in the inner waters, for 
I found such specimens in several places in the Little Belt and in the Great Belt 
in December and January. In the northern Kattegat it probably 
passes the winter in very small specimens arising from spores 
germinated in autumn. 
P. violacea fructifies in summer. Ripe sporangia occur in 
May to September; in May the sporangia are frequently unripe. 
Ripe antheridia were met with in May to September and in No- 
vember. Ripe cystocarps occur in July to September. The spores 
germinate immediately; sporelings are frequently met with on 
various Algæ in summer. Three days old sporelings from tetra- 
spores and carpospores sown in vessels with sea-water showed 
about 10 tiers of cells. 
The frond usually reaches a length of 7—14 cm, not un- 
frequently up to 20 cm, more rarely up to 30 cm. 8, fibrillosa Fig. 375. 
does not reach the same length as «, violacea, it scarcely grows Polysiphonia violacea. 
over 13 cm in length. The longest specimens have been found in FP eer ae ER 
the following localities: Knollen, Øresund, 11—14 meters’ depth, been shed; only the 
July, over 30 cm; Øresund east of Hveen, 10—19 met., July, En ER OR 
25 cm; N.E. of Sejero light-house, 11—14 met., July, 22 cm; Lille most ones are perhaps 
Belt off Stenderup wood, 13—15 met., July, 20 em. The maximal "menu Ehe 
size is not very different in the various waters. Outside Skagen, 
however, the species does not reach the same size as in the more protected waters. 
It grows on all kind of firm substrata, stones, wood, but prineipally on various 
Algæ e. g. Chorda Filum, Fucus, Furcellaria, Polysiphonia nigrescens, P. elongata etc., 
further on Zostera. It occurs in depths of 0—19 meters, rarely deeper. 8, /ibrillosa 
grows principally on stony reefs in 0—7,5 meters’ depth. 
Localities. Ns: Does not occur at Fano and Esbjerg. ZQ, jydske Rey, 24,5 meters («). — Sk: 
«: Lønstrup, near land; 8: Hanstholm; Bragerne; Hirshals mole. — Lf: Very common in all parts of 
the fjord, most frequently «, in deeper water y; 2 at Ronnen by Lemvig, Oddesund and Nykøbing 
(Th. Mortensen). — Kn: « and § very common near land; wanting on Herthas Flak. Trindelen, FE, 
NI and dT, 9,5—11 m (a). — Ke: «, common to a depth of 28 m (ER east of Læsø. y: ZE, Fladen, 
15 m. — Km: « and § common. bK, N.W. of Anholt, 15 m, approaching to y; d: BO, BM, BL east of 
Jutland, 5,5—9,5 m, with Zostera. — Ks: & common, also in Isefjord: Holbæk Fjord, Frederikssund, 
PQ, near Boserup. 8, several places. 0, Lammefjord. — Sa: « common to 14 meters’ depth; § on stony 
reefs near land; d Hofmansgave (Hofm. Bg., C. Rosenberg). — Lb: Principally &. § off Langore near 
‘land. — Sf: & most frequent. 8: CT and Skaarup Or (Rostrup). y UX, Skjoldnæs, 9,5 m. — Sb: « 
common. J: AC, off Knuds Hoved, 17 m. — Sm: & common. d common: off Orenæsgaard, Petersværft, 
Kragevig, Guldborgsund. — Su: & common. 8: Kronborg (C. Rosenberg); QD, south of Saltholm; Dragør 
D. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 7. Række, naturvidensk. og mathem. Afd. VII. 3. 55 
