499 
Chondrus Stackh. 
1. Chondrus erispus (L.) Stackh. 
Lyngbye, Hydr., 1819, p. 15, tab. 5, A, B; Greville Alg. Brit. 1830, p. 129, pl. 15 (cystocarp); Kützing, 
Phycol. gen. 1843, p. 398, tab. 73 III; Harvey Phye. Brit. III, 1846, pl. 63; 
J. Agardh, Sp. g. ord. 
Vol. Il, I, 1851, p. 246; Kützing, Tab. phyc. Bd. 17, 1867, tab. 49; Schmitz, Befr. d. Florideen 1883, 
p. 238; Wille, Beitr. 1887, p. 82, Taf. VII, figs. 70—71; Buffham, Notes 1896, p. 183; Darbishire, 
Chondrus, Liverpool Marine Biology Committee. Memoirs IX. London 1902; Oltmanns, Morph. 
u. Biol., I, 1904, p. 549; Kylin, Studien 1907, p. 123; id. Keim. ein. Florid., Arkiv för Botanik, 
Bd. 14, No. 22, 1917, p. 12; id. Entwickl. 1923, p. 19; Violet Grubb, The Male Organs of the 
Florideæ, Linn. Soc. Journal. Botany, Vol. 47, 1925, pp. 184—187. 
Fucus erispus Linné Mantissa plant. 1767, p. 134. 
Fucus polymorphus Lamour. Diss. sur plus. especes de Fucus. I. Agen et Paris 1805. 
The fronds arise from a flat expanded dise which originates from the primary 
cushion-shaped stage of the germling, It is in older plants a nearly orbicular rather 
thin plate with irregularly lobed margin, densely attached to the substratum up to 
1 or 2 cm in diameter. Several upright shoots may be given off from the same dise, 
e. g. 30—40, and these shoots are of very different age, old and young ones inter- 
mixed without any distinct order, the youngest, however, for the most part at the 
periphery. The dise itself may attain an age of 
several years. In specimens collected in summer 
upright shoots from the foregoing year or per- 
haps older are found together with numerous 
shoots produced after the last winter, and the latter 
have evidently arisen at various times during the 
last period of vegetation, for all gradations are to 
be found from well developed repeatedly branched 
shoots to quite small ones, a few mm long only. 
Owing to the fact that the upright shoots 
produced in the last period of growth are in 
very different stages of development when the 
growth is arrested in winter, it is not always 
easy to distinguish the portion of an older shoot 
which was produced in the last year from that 
existing already in the foregoing year. A dif- 
ference in the colour, however, is often very 
significant, in particular in spring and the first 
part of the summer, the new portions of the frond 
showing a brighter colour. But the difference often 
becomes more striking by the epiphytes cover- 
ing more or less densely the portion of the frond 
produced in the foregoing year, whereas the new 
segments are destitute of epiphytes or bear only 
very young specimens of such (comp. fig. 458). 
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Fig. 458. 
Chondrus crispus. Northern Kattegat 
at Læsø 
Trindel, about 10m depth, July. Photo, nat. size. 
64* 
