Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States 



23 



in the higher ones directly from the surface of the head), and extend 

 forward on each side of the base of the tongue. They are composed 

 of three joints, and are densely clothed with scales, which are usually 

 thicker on the upper and especially the lower side than on the lateral 

 faces, giving them a more or less blade-like form. If the palpi extend 

 nearly straight forward, they are called porrect ; if the scaling on the 

 end of the second joint ends abruptly with a slight tuft, they are clavate 

 (fig. 244). In the Tineidae they usually have strong bristles besides 

 the scales and soft hair; but this is rarely the case in higher families 

 of moths. 



The thorax (fig. 16) is composed of three segments, prothorax, meso- 

 thorax, and metathorax, each provided with a pair of legs, and the last 

 two each with a pair of wings. The legs (fig. 17) are segmented, the seg- 

 ments being, named in order beginning at the base : coxa, trochanter, 

 femur, tibia, and five tarsal segments. The coxae of the middle and hind 

 legs are partly fused with the body and divided into an anterior part, the 

 true coxa, and the posterior part, the meron, by a suture. The tro- 

 chanter is minute. The femur is rarely modified but often bears long 

 hairs, even when the rest of the leg is scaled. In the males of the 

 Catocala group, there is a minute spine, the gonyodon, on the apex of 

 the fore femur. 



The fore tibia bears a leaf-like structure on its inner side, the 

 epiphysis; this is clothed with stiff bristles, and serves mainly to clean 



Fig. 17, 18. legs and foot 



Legs: CI, claw; Cx, coxa; Ep, epiphysis; F, femur; Gony, gonyodon; Sp, spurs; 

 Tar, tarsus; Tb, tibia; Tr, trochanter 



Foot: CI, claw; Par, paronychium ; Pv, pulvillus; 5 Tar, body of fifth segment 

 of tarsus 



the tongue and antennas. The higher butterflies and a very few moths 

 have lost the epiphysis. The tibia also sometimes bears one or more 

 enlarged spines or claws at the tip. The mid and hind tibiae have a 

 pair of spurs at the tip — scaled, spine-like structures articulating with 



