142 William T. M. Forbes 



with setae i and ii unusually variable in position, normal in lower 

 forms, in higher with ii nearer the mid-dorsal line than i, or even 

 directly above it; iv and v adjacent. All the known larva live in a 

 movable case, with a large anterior opening for feeding, and a smaller 

 posterior one through which the excrement is passed, through which the 

 pupa emerges, and, in the higher forms, through which the extensible 

 abdomen of the male is passed to fertilize the female. In the lowest 

 forms the case is flattened and ellipsoidal (very likely so in Kear- 

 fottia),' in Solenobia tending to be triangular, with a three-valved pos- 

 terior opening, like that of many Coleophoridae ; in the Psychinae fusi- 

 form, tapering strongly to each end and covered on the outside with 

 bits of foreign matter. 



Pupa with second segment of abdomen more or less movable, dorsal 

 headpiece narrow and prothorax unusually wide for aTineoid; antennae 

 short, broad in those species whose imagoes have pectinate antennae; 

 maxillae rather quadrangular, not covering the labial palpi at all, 

 exactly as in the Hepialidae; the mandibles forming a distinct separate 

 sclerite. Abdomen with each segment armed with an anterior row of 

 spines and a posterior one of bristles; female pupae of higher forms 

 larvif orm, intermediate between the larva and grub-like adult in appear- 

 ance, but brown and chitinized. 



The family characters as given above are from the more typical 

 specialized forms ; the lower ones have not been fully studied, and show 

 an intergradation to the lowest Tineoids, the pupae having diffuse areas 

 of spines dorsally. In spite of the wide variation, the European 

 genera, which are many, form almost a perfect series from the lowest 

 to the highest. The position of Kearfottia is doubtful, in the lack of 

 knowledge of the early stages, but it seems related to the Lypusinae, 

 rather than to the Tineidae or Yponomeutidae. In many of its char- 

 acters it is an exception to the definition of the Psychidae, but the 

 female has the characteristic, bristly anal tuft. 



Subfamily Lypusinae. Female winged. Palpi distinct; vertex in our species 

 moderately roughened; antennae practically simple. Fore wing (fig. 104) with 

 R 5 running to outer margin, with all veins preserved, in our species with all free; 

 accessory cell distinct, separated from discal by a fine vein; base of M in our 

 species not forked. Cubitals rather short, and running squarely across to inner 

 margin; 1st A free, weak. Hind wing with R, appearing merely as a crossvein 

 from Sc to R, cell much shorter on anterior side, the ■ area above the base of M 

 in our species quite small; with complete venation, or (in Kearfottia) with CUj 

 lost. Anal region a little reduced, though fully veined. Larva in a usually 

 flattened case; normally a scavenger or carnivorous; pupa with cremastral spines 

 dorsal. Kearfottia. 



Subfamily Talaeporiinae. Female wingless, but with normal eyes, antennas, legs, 

 and other appendages; leaving the cocoon for fertilization but laying its eggs 

 within it. Male structure as in Lypusince, antennas bristled; the fore wing in 

 Solenobia with a vein lost (fig. 103). Case somewhat flattened, but with triangu- 

 lar valve; the larva feeding on lichens. So 1 nobia. 



