446 William T. M. Forbes 



Key to the species 



1. Costal half brown, contrasting with the pale dorsal half; the boundary on 

 middle of wing sharply defined, forming a rounded lobe. 

 2. Base of inner margin below fold contrasting pale gray, sharply separated 



from the black-brown costal portion 4. Epinotia lindana. 



2. Base of inner margin concolorous, or gradually shading into the light 



red-brown costal portion .3. Epinotia septemberana. 



1. Costal half not contrastingly dark. 

 2. No silvery fasciae 



3. Whitish gray with oblique darker pattern 23. Thiodia tarandana. 



3. Ground not whitish. 



4. With broad areas of yellow-brown 3. ratzeburgiana. 



4. At most, dusted with yellow-brown. 



5. Expanse 10 mm.; blackish with dirty white striation. 



1. Epinotia nanana. 

 5. Expanse 15 mm.; base of fringe cut with white. 



6. Blackish with ash-gray striation 1. diniana. 



6. With white fasciae and striations 2. fortunana. 



3. Conspicuous bright silver fasciae 2. Epinotia cruciana. 



1. Z. diniana Guenee. Ash gray, powdery-strigose in two shades; fore wing 

 with antemedial line right-angled in middle of wing, defining the darker base; 

 a fascia from costa, just beyond middle, to anal angle ; a little irregular, and 

 widening slightly to inner margin; clearly defined below, but sometimes connected 

 at costa to the dark base and outer margin by blackish suffusion. Outer margin 

 dark shaded, with this shade not forming a definite fascia. Fringe cut with 

 white twice below apex, and twice at anal angle. Hind wing somewhat browner. 

 18 mm. (pinicolana Zeller, pseudotsugana Kearfott). 



August. Larva green-gray, with black head, dark brown cervical shield, and 

 dark tubercles, between needles spun together of various conifers; fir, larch, and 

 others. Pupa in the ground. 



Arctic -alpine; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, and north. "New York" 

 (Fernald). 



2. Z. fortunana Kearfott. Black-brown, sometimes dusted with wood-brown; 

 with a broken double white fascia at base ; an irregular but strong and complete 

 excurved fascia just before middle; irregular white markings outwardly, the most 

 distinct usually a fascia starting from costa at three -fourths way to apex and 

 running two-thirds way across to anal angle, with a patch on outer margin at 

 its lower end. A few additional white strise at costa. Black basal line in fringe 

 cut with white at fold and anal agle. Hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm. 



End of June to July. 

 Ottawa, Ontario. 



3. Z. ratzeburgiana Saxesen (in Ratzeburg). Yellow -brown, or light wood- 

 brown; antemedian band dark brown, and defining a darker base, sharply angled 

 at lower side of cell, and bent in, in cell; outwardly, with a fascia from middle 

 of costa to anal angle, wider .above; normally broken into three toward costa, 

 and sometimes crossed by a black bar along lower side of cell. With a shade 

 of mixed black and dark brown, extending obliquely down from apex, often pre- 

 ceded by a white snade and followed on middle of outer margin by a white stria. 

 A dark brown line in fringe. This moth is variable in details of markings. 

 12 mm. 



Larva webbing together the terminal needles of spruce in early spring. Pupa- 

 tion outside the nest. Moth in July and August. 



Ottawa, Ontario, to Washington., and probably general where its food plant 

 occurs; also in Europe. 



