664 William T. M. Forbes 



3. Maxillae more than one-fourth of the length of the wings, strongly con- 

 cave on outer edges toward base; anal angles of fore wings opposite 



spiracles of segment 3 of abdomen S. 7. Philosamia. 



3. Maxillae a fourth the length of wing or less, not strongly concave on 



outer side; anal angle of fore wings opposite incisure between third and 



fourth segments, or further back. 



4. Maxillae less than one-fifth length of wings; antennas of males with 



sides tapering gradually to a pointed tip; glazed eye invisible (smaller 



species) S. 5. Callosamia. 



4. Maxillse about one-fourth length of wings; male antennas even in 

 width most of their- length, abruptly narrowing to the blunt apex; 

 female with part of glazed eye exposed; very large species 



S. 6. Samia. 



Family 38. CITHERONIID^ 



(Ceratocampidas) 



Male antennas doubly bipectinate about halfway to apex, with simple 

 laminate apical fourth or more. Fore wing with M 1 more or less 

 stalked with R 2 -4> parallel to M 2 , middle discocellular vein well devel- 

 oped, cell closed in both wings. Hind wing with 2d A preserved. 

 Abdomen more or less conical, extending beyond hind wings, some- 

 times far beyond. Female with antennas simple ; rarely singly bipec- 

 tinate, with simple apex (Adelocephala bi-color) ; abdomen stouter than 

 in male, and wings often more rounded. 



The moth rests with wings folded in a triangle, somewhat rooflike. 

 Egg with rather thin translucent shell, with faint, fine hexagonal sculp- 

 ture, most distinct in Citheronia. Larva in first stage with primary 

 hair, "except in Citheronia; ninth segment of abdomen with a mid- 

 dorsal spine (often rudimentary), anal plate tuberculate or spined; 

 spines more or less horn-like, never with long spinules, and always 

 strongly unequal. Pupa active, formed in the ground, with bifurcate 

 cremaster without hooks, and flanged segments. The pupa hibernates. 



A wholly American family, as defined here. Some authors would 

 add to it various genera (mostly exotic) associated with Automeris 

 and Hemileuca, and use the lack of a cocoon as the primary family 

 character. 



1. CITHERONIA Hiibner 



(Ceratocampa Harris) 



Palpi projecting slightly beyond front; tongue rudimentary but coiled. Fore 

 wing with middle discocellular very short, straight and oblique outward; hind 

 wing with a weak rudiment of R u running from R to Sc (fig. 419). Larva (fig. 

 423 ) with numerous strong recurved branching spines, the subdorsal ones on 

 meso- and metathorax and caudal horn, very large; the subdorsals on prothorax 

 and laterals of meso- and metathorax also large, and all well developed. Spines in 

 younger stages relatively longer, with fewer spinules. 



