Ball — On the Volcanoes and Hot Springs of India. 159 



water, and some others, in whieli the ■word gandalc (sulphur) is incor- 

 porated, are also widely employed. Hence a list, to be useful, requires, 

 for purposes of identification, to be drawn up trader the names 

 of the villages nearest to the actual sites, which can, however, be 

 further identified, and with, more precision, by their latitudes and 

 longitudes. Such, a list was published some years ago by Mr. R. D. 

 Oldliam, of the Geological Survey of India. ^ Although to but a 

 limited extent dealing with the particular aspect of the case which I 

 desire to specially present here, his list has been in many ways most 

 useful in the preparation of the following pages ; and in several cases 

 the serial numbers used in it are quoted, together with the names of 

 the springs. As a scientific record it supersedes all the previously 

 pablished lists ; but some of them contain material not quoted by 

 Mr. Oldham, which has been employed in this account. 



Of the majority of these Indian hot springs, the temperature has 

 not been recorded ; this is due principally to the observers not having 

 provided themselves, beforehand, with thermometers suitable for re- 

 cording high temperatures. Of recorded temperatures, 190° P. is very 

 nearly the maximum limit, but a few exceed that amount ; thus one 

 of a number which I tested at a site called Tatapani, in Sirguja,- 

 registered 196°?., and the hottest of the springs in the Pa-luk valley, 

 in Mergui, also registers 196°?.^ The hottest spring mentioned in 

 Mr. Oldham's list is at Manikarn on the Parvati (83), of which the 

 temperature is given as 202° P.; another authority, Mr. Edgeworth, 

 has recorded it as slightly higher, namely, 207°P. It is stated that 

 the inhabitants of this place, where the "boiling-point" of water at 

 the time the 202° P. temperature was taken was only 201° 85' P., 

 cook their food in these boiling springs, wood never being used by 

 them for culinary pui"poses ; and at Jamnutri, where the temperature 

 of the spring is 194° P., rice is cooked easily, as, at the elevation of 

 11,000, water boils at that temperature. I may remark, en passant, 

 that I have been told by travellers at these high latitudes, that their 

 native servants have manifested considerable uneasiness at the Ioav 

 " boiling-point," thinking there must be something uncanny about it, 

 and asserting, moreover, that their food could not be properly cooked, 

 which was probably true. 



^ Mem. Geol. Sirrv. India, vol. xix., 1882, pt. ii, pp. 99-161, with Map, show- 

 ing the Distribution. 



^ Geology of Aurunga and Hutar Coal Fields, Mem. Geo. Surv. India, vol. xv., 

 1880, p. 22 ; and " Jungle Life in India," 1880, p. 663. 



^ Hunter, W. "W., Imp. Gazeteer of India, vol. ix., p. 407. 



