I 



Atkinson — On the Suhjunctive Mood in Welsh. 463 



gunaho douit duy poen, ' may He not do on me great pain ' ; 47, 7 ry-plirinom-ne 

 di gerenMt, ' may we buy thy love ' (116, 25) ; 56, 26 ny'm gwatter, ' let me not 

 be refused ' ; 57, 14, 20 a'th vo rad, ' be there grace to thee.' The 2 sg. occurs a 

 few times, in addition to the expression hanpich gwell, 'hail,' e. gr. 44, 14 yscy- 

 thiich fort, ' make smooth a road ' . . . a llnnhich tagneuet, ' and (form, cultivate) 

 peace' ; 44, 17 a chenich golychuid, ' and sing (thy) devotion.' 



B. 



But naturally by far the great majority of the cases of its occurrence 

 exemplify the subjunctive mood in its proper function, as the mood of 

 subordination in the cases where the real interest lies in the logical 

 connexion of the chief and the subordinate , clauses ; for when the 

 statement made in the subordinate clause is guaranteed by the speaker 

 to be the enunciation of an objective fact, the indicative mood of 

 course must appear. 



I. Stjbstantival Clauses (Objective). 



(a) Here the subjunctive is properly used, in woww-clauses objective 

 to verbs of Tcnowing, thinking, and such like, where positive knowledge 

 of the statement is not categorically asserted : — 



Aet un . . . y wybot pwy vo, ' let one go, to find out who he is,' 

 9, 2, [whereas, when the statement of knowledge or ignorance is cate- 

 gorically asserted, the indicative is used, cf . mi a wnn pwy wyt ti, ' I 

 know who thou art,' 2, 1 1 ; ny wn i pwy wyt ti, ' I do not know who 

 thou art,' 2,23]; kyt tybyckych di, na ho hawd, 'though thou 

 shouldst imagine that it was not hard,' 120, 26, z &c. ; nes gwybot, 

 a allwyf, ' till I find out whether I can,' 233, 20 ; so 185, 27 ny wn 

 beth a vynn ac wynt ; yny wyper a uo byw, 261, 4 ; yny wypwyf pwy 

 vych, 285, 10. 



(h) After verbs of wishing, entreating, commanding : Uyma a 

 uynnaf, na ho hut, ' this is what I desire, that the charm be no 

 more,' ac na dotter, ' and that it be not again put,' 57, y, z ; so 58, 3 

 llyma a vynnaf, na lo ymdiala ; a wney di yrof i nat agorych y creu, 

 yny &c., ' wilt thou grant for my sake that thou open it not, till &c.,' 

 78, 10 ; sef y harchaf itt, na mynnych wreic (hyt pan &c.), 100, x ; 

 ny mynnaf i . . . namyn na ho yma vyth y gware hwnn, 294, 24. 



(c) In sentences declaring the purport of an oath : mi a tynghaf 

 dynghet idaw, na chaffo ef enw, yny &c., ' I swear he shall not get a 

 name, till &c.,' 69, 21 ; 71, 13 ; 73, 11 ; mi a tynghaf dynghet itt, 

 na chyflado dy ystlys wrth wreic, hyt pan &c., 102, 2 ; and so 102,8 

 na chaffwyf wreic, hyt pan &c. rodwch gret na wneloch gam idi. 



