468 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 



(a) In the causal clause, the subjunctive is not used, save in such 

 sentences as the following, ' what is the reason /or thy 7iot doing thus ' : 

 cf. py derw ytti pryt nat atteppych j neb hediw, ' what is the matter 

 with thee, since thou answerest no one to-day,' 176, 20 ; pa uedwlyw 

 dy teu di pryt na hwyttehych, ' what thought is thine, to cause thy 

 not taking food,' 292, y. 



(l) And in the conditional clause, the Welsh conjunction 0, 'if,' is 

 followed by the indicative mood, just as is the French si, 'if,' so 

 that there is no reason to assume that in the past tense pei a's 

 gwypwn is in a disguised subjunctive mood : we have ' si je le savais, 

 si je Vavais su.' 



And here may be noted a startling parallel to the French con- 

 struction, which introduces the second of two coordinate sentences in 

 the protasis of a hypothetic clause, by g'we with subjunctive, though the 

 former had si with indicative, si le roi m' avail donne . . . et qu'iX me 

 fallut quitter &c. ; cf. 195, 18 gwely vwyt a diawt, or byd reit itt 

 wrthaw, ac na lo wybot a dayoni y rodi itt, kymer dy hun ef , ' if 

 thou seest food, &c., then, if thou hast need of it, and there be 

 not enough social tact and kindness in anybody to give thee it, take it 

 thyself.' 



(<?) But in the concessive clause, the subjunctive has its admitted 

 sphere, and appears regularly, as follows : 



1. After hyt,'^ 'though,' \Jcyn before negative ny~\, kyn nyt 

 ymdialwyf a thi, ' even though I should not be (thereby fully) 

 avenged on thee,' 2, 20 ; kyt Iwyfi yno, ' even suppose I were here 

 (next year),' 3, 14 ; kyt archo ef ytti yr eil, ' even though he beg of 

 thee [to give him] the other (blow),' 3, 19 ; kyt herych di vot velly, 

 ny's diodefwn y-gennyt, 18, 7 : kyt io gwaratwyd gennyt ti hynny, 

 mwy yw gan IT., 29, z ; kyt rj-wnelych di sarhaedeu llawer, ny's 

 gwney bellach, 'though thou mayst have perpetrated &c., thou will 

 do so no longer,' 99, 2. Cf. tybychjch 120, 25, z. 121, 24, x. 

 122, 3, 12, 17; kyn gtvnel gameu itt, ' tho' he do acts of injustice 

 to thee,' 44,10; kyt heffych^ 120, 26. 122, 3, 13, 18; kyn ny 

 dycho, 127, 13; kyn ny, ivypo, 127, 19; kyn nj cheissych 128, 24; 



1 In precisely the same way, we have in Old Welsh the subjunctive after ki/d, 

 kyn, ' though ' : — 



11, II kyn gatter, 'though he be allowed' ; 19, 22 kin bui/f aelay hetiv, 'though 

 I be sad to-day' ; 20, 23, y kid keisseer, 'though it be sought' ; 27, 17 kyn safont yn 

 y drws, ' though they stand in the doorway' ; 55, y kyd karhivin-e morva, ' though 

 I love the sea.' 



