Biochemistry 

 Function 

 Development 

 Retina 

 Histology 

 Function 

 Biochemical blood constituents 

 Ion and water relationships 

 Seasonal changes 

 Sexually dimorphic size 

 Age at maturity 

 Caryotype 



Geographic variation 

 Cytology 



Descriptive evolution 

 Distribution within habitat 



Vertical distribution 



Seasonal changes 

 Change with age 



Parasite systematics 

 Host parasite 

 Population changes 



Gut contents 



Seasonal changes 

 Habitat preference 



Temperature 

 Schooling 

 Migrations 



Mass mortalities 

 Introduction for fishery 

 A/osa sapidissima 

 Skull 



Infraorbital bones 

 Anatomy 



Descriptive evolution 

 Lateral line pores and canals 

 Migrations 



Introduction for fishery 

 Habitat preservation 

 Artificial incubation 

 Anodontostoma chacunda 



Vertical distribution 

 Brevoortia 

 Gill arches 



Fourth epibranchial bone 

 Use in systematics 

 Anatomy 

 Aural gas bladder diverticula 



Development 



Seasonal abundance 



Brevoortia brevicaudata 



Invalidation 

 Brevoortia patronus 

 Ovary 

 Histology 

 Development 

 Oogenesis 

 Ovarian cycles 

 Distribution within habitat 



Schoolin 



Copepoda 



Incidenc 



nfection 

 sity of infection 

 Seasonal abundance 

 Developing egg 

 Larva 

 Brevoortia patronus X 

 Brevoortia smithi X 

 Testis 



Abnormality 

 Sex ratio 



Hybrid compatibility 

 Copepoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Intensity of infection 

 Isopoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Seasonal changes 



807592 

 807592 

 808410 

 808496 

 808497 



808496 

 808497 

 808498 



804882 

 803873 

 806650 

 807861 

 807207 

 808497 



808650 

 804230 

 805985 



808650 

 808872 

 807162 

 803513 



807160 

 807160 

 805992 

 808872 

 808872 

 803513 

 806469 



806940 

 808873 



807016 

 807016 

 807016 



806245 



807787 

 807796 



807796 

 807796 

 807796 



Distribution 

 Brevoortia tyrannus X 

 Natural hybridization 

 Brevoortia smithi 



Lipid and fatty acid content 

 Seasonal changes 

 Sexual dimorphism 

 Ovarian cycles 

 Testicular cycles 

 Copepoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Intensity of infection 

 Isopoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Seasonal .changes 

 Seasonal abundance 

 Developing egg 

 Larva 

 Fish control agents 

 Antimycin 



Lethal environmental limits 

 Brevoortia smithi X 

 Brevoortia tyrannus X 



Lipid and fatty acid content 

 Seasonal changes 

 Sexual dimorphism 

 Ovarian cycles 

 Testicular cycles 

 Natural hybridization 

 Copepoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Intensity of infection 

 Isopoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Seasonal changes 

 Brevoortia tyrannus 



Lipid and fatty acid content 

 Seasonal changes 

 Sexual dimorphism 

 Gills 



Surface volume relationship 

 Change with age 

 Epibranchial organ 

 Anatomy 



Descriptive evolution 

 Ovarian cycles 

 Testicular cycles 

 Rate of growth 

 Monogenea 



Parasite life history 

 Copepoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Intensity of infection 

 Isopoda 



Incidence of infection 

 Seasonal changes 

 Distribution 

 Egg 

 Larva 

 Population structure 

 Schooling 

 Migrations 

 Reproduction 

 Pug head 

 Natural mortality 

 Overfishing 

 Brevoortia tyrannus X 

 Brevoortia patronus X 

 Natural hybridization 

 Caspialosa kessleri 

 Population changes 

 Age class distribution 

 Migrations 

 Caspialosa pontica 

 Locomotion 

 Vertebrae 



Descriptive evolution 

 Axial skeletal muscles 

 Descriptive evolution 

 Clupanodon 



Key 

 Clupea 

 Otoliths 



Clupea africana 



Invalidation 

 Clupea brasiliensis 



Invalidation 

 Clupea harengus 



Subspecies 



807796 

 805075 



804437 

 804437 

 804437 



807787 

 807787 

 807796 

 807806 



804437 

 804437 

 804437 

 805075 



807351 



807591 

 807591 

 804437 

 804437 

 805075 



804362 



805075 

 805075 

 805075 

 805075 

 805075 

 806870 

 805075 

 805097 



807679 

 807679 

 807679 



806945 



806945 



808135 



804470 

 806684 

 808318 

 804470 

 806684 



805703 



805703 



Clupeidae 

 (continued) 



Alosa 



pseudoharengus 



to 



Clupea harengus 



321 



