O'nvAi.hy—On the Wade of the Coad of Ireland, ^c. 103 



(p. 113). — He says: " From the distribution of the Pleistocene 

 Mammals, we may infer that the climate was severe in the north and 

 warm in the south ; while in the middle zone, comprising France, 

 Germany, and the greater part of Britain, the winters were cold and 

 the summers warm, as in Middle Asia and North America. There 

 were secular changes of climate in Pleistocene Europe, and while 

 the cold was at its maximum, the Arctic animals arrived at their 

 southern limit ; and while it was at its minimum, the spotted Hyaena, 

 and the Hippopotamus, and other southern animals roamed to their 

 northern limit." 



The climatal and geographical changes which then took place in 

 Britain were marked by Glacial phenomena, which are summarized as 

 follows : — 



(p. 115.) — " (1) The first Glaciation was a period of elevation." 



(p. 116.) — "The ice at that time was sufficiently thick to have 

 overridden Schihallion in Perthshire, at a height of 5500 feet, and the 

 hills of Gal way and Mayo at 2000 feet." 



(p. 117.) — " (2) The Icebergs — A period of depression. 



"(3) The depression continued. The glaciers disappeared, and 

 the sea beat upon an archipelago of islands, which gradually sank 

 beneath the sea to a depth of from 2300 feet below their present 

 level on the flank of Snowdon, to 1200 feet at Yale Eoyal, on the 

 road between Buxton and Macclesfield, and to about 1400 feet in 

 Scotland. 



" (4) A reversion to a severe climate. 



" (5) Period of elevation. The climate becoming temperate, there 

 followed an upward movement of the land, until the Upper Boulder Clay 

 became dry land, and Britain and Ireland became part of the mainland 

 of Europe as represented in the map (fig. 32). The climate was 

 less severe than in the preceding period, and was gradually again 

 becoming temperate. 



" As the Upper Boulder Clay deposited on the sea bottom became 

 lifted up, it was gradually covered by forests of yew, Scotch fir, 

 oak, ash, and alder, in which the Pleistocene Mammalia found ample 

 food in the eastern and midland counties." 



As regards the Glacial Period in Great Britain and Ireland, it may 

 be well to cite here the opinion of the eminent geologist. Professor 

 Lapworth, given in his "Intermediate Text-book of Geology," 1899. 



(p. 385.) — " That the glacial conditions of Britain and Western 

 Europe were accompanied by a certain amount of dejiression is 

 generally acknowledged, but whether that depression was excessive 



