O'Eeilly— 0^< the Wade of the Coast of Ireland, ^c. 129 



waves generated by storms in the Atlantic or the Channel, and the 

 waves directly due to the winds blowing on the coast. Their effects 

 are either to pile np and fill the beaches or to cut them out. If they 

 strike the beach at a right angle, they fill it up, forming ' fulls ' or 

 ' storm beaches, while, if they are running in a more or less opposite 

 direction to the flow-tide, they cut out the beach." 



(p. 197.)—" Consequently, during the last 40 years, the coast- 

 line between Lady's Island lake and Kilmore has been considerably 

 denuded away, especially in the vicinity of St. Patrick's Bridge. 

 These beaches, during the continuous east and north-east winds of 

 the spring of 1876, changed from their ordinary gravel into " fulls " 

 of shingle. 



" In the North Bay all winds seem to ' cut out,' this being due to 

 the complication of the tidal currents, the beaches rarely being full 

 except in the summer and autumn, when there are no winds. On 

 account of the great cutting out along the beach, the marginal cliffs 

 have been vastly denuded within the last 40 years. The ' Caliore 

 shingle leach ^ at the north of the bay, is fullest during south and 

 south-east gales, while it is cut out by winds from the north-east, 

 and by ' ground swells.' After south and south-west gales it is often 

 smothered up with fine sand blown from the adjoining accumulations 

 of ^olian Drift. 



" A little to the north of Cahore Point is Poulduff Pier, with the 

 beaches accumulated since it was erected, while farther north are the 

 piers and other works at Courtown. 



" On the coast-line, south (fig. 4, pi. 6) and north (fig. 5, pi. 6) 

 of Kilmichael Point, there has been considerable denudation of the 

 sand-hills since the Ordnance Survey was made [i.e. 40 years ago). 



" In the first-mentioned localities over 37 acres have been carried 

 away by gales from the south-east. Here there is an exceedingly 

 swift tidal current to the north -north-east, which, under ordinary 

 circumstances, carries all the beach with it, and leaves no protection 

 between the sea and the sand-hills ; consequently, under these circum- 

 stances, during south-east gales, the wind-waves have full power on 

 the latter, which they then rapidly denude away. 



" {Note.) — (This is a most remarkable place, as in recent years the 

 sand-hills at one time seem to be forming and at other times wasting 

 away. Some of the old men can point out the extensions of the sand- 

 hills prior to the Ordnance Survey, and the roads that used to lead to 

 them, which now end at stiff cliffs ; while one old man, in June, 

 1875, pointed out in a cliff that had only been imcovered the previous 



J/ 2 



