66 Proceedings of the Royal Iridt, Academy. 



heading " Mola," mill and Trater-mill [mola aquaria). The fii'st Tvater- 

 mill of which any record is preserved ^ras connected with the palace of 

 !JkIithrida"tes inPontus (Strabo, xii. 3, § 30). " At Caheira (in Pontus) 

 ■was the palace of Mithridates (the Great, 120 b.c), the water-mill, 

 the park for keeping the wild animals, the hunting gi'ound in the 

 neighbourhood, and the mines." That water-mills were used at Eome 

 is manifest from the description of the them by Titruvius (x. 5, edition 

 Schneider) : — "A cogged wheel, attached to the axis of the water- 

 wheel, tui'ned another which was attached to the axis of the upper 

 millstone, the corn to be ground fell between the stones out of a 

 hopper (infundibilium) which was fixed above them." (See Palladio 

 de Pie rustica, 1, 42). Ausonius mentions their existence on the river 

 near Treves, and Tenantius Fortunatus, describing a castle built in 

 the sixth century on the banks of the Moselle, makes distinct mention 

 of a tail race, by which " the tortuous stream is conducted in a straight 

 channel." 



It is to be remarked that the water-wheel above described from 

 Titruvius' work, was evidently a* vertical wheel with horizontal axis, 

 the cog-wheel placed on this, communicating its movement to the 

 vertical axis caiTying the millstone, by means of another cog-wheel. 

 It was therefore not of the same description as the wheels forming the 

 subject of this paper; rather indeed of the same style as those modern 

 forms so common in these countries in modem times, and which are 

 those generally mentioned in the various encyclopedias under the 

 heading Water-mill. It is very difficult to find any historical 

 description or mention of the horizo)ital water-wheel in question in 

 these works, although the turbines, which they really are a rude form 

 of, are described, but as of quite modem invention. It can therefore 

 be only incidentally that such a description may be met with, and 

 as such I have come across the following in the " Lettres sur la 

 Grece, I'Hellespont, et Constantinople (1811) premiere partie," by 

 A. L. Castellan. Of this writer and artist the following short account 

 is given in the " Biographie TJniverselle " : — 



" (Antoine Louis Castellan, peintre, gi'aveur, and architecte frangais; 

 ne a Montpelier en 1772 : mort a Paris, 2 Avril, 1838. II se voua 

 d'abord a la peinture, entra in 1788 dans I'atelier de Valenciennes ; il 

 acquit bientot pour le paysage une reputation meritee. Yoyagea dans 

 le Levant, visita Constantinople, la Grece, les lies, I'ltalie, et la Suisse; 

 recueillant partout un grand nombre de documents, de dessins, et puis- 

 ant dans ces riches contrees, un gout d'autant plus sur, qu'il ne ee 



