﻿342 Transactions — Geology. 



In examining these remains I liave compared tliem with the lai-gest sized 

 Penguin commonly found on the New Zealand coast, which is the Crested 

 Penguin {Etidyptes pachyrhynchus, Gray), and which is about 30 inches in 

 total length, and stands about 22 inches high when alive. 



In Plates XVII. and XVIII. the fossil bones have been drawn along with 

 the corresponding bones of the recent bird, so that the enormous excess in 

 the proportions, size, and massiveness of the extinct bird may be the more 

 easily realised. 



1. Femur (PL XYII. fig. 1). — This bone has only been partly freed 

 from the matrix, but the whole of the anterior surface and both extremities of 

 it are fully exposed. Its length is 5 inches, and the least diameter of 

 the shaft -7 inch. On comparing it with the femur of the recent Eudyptes, 

 which is 3 inches in length, the chief difference observable is the great massive- 

 ness of the fossil bone, which is more cylindrical, and with less decided ridges 

 and muscular impressions than that of the recent bird, which, though smooth, 

 is almost triangular in its cross section. The angle at which the neck of the bone 

 is set to the shaft is also less obtuse in the fossil, and the neck itself is propor- 

 tionally longer, the length from the gi-eat trochanter to the articular surface 

 being only two and four-fifths in the total length of the bone, while in the 

 recent bone it is four times. The trochanter, also, instead of forming an 

 acute crest-like ridge, smooth and convex externally, and excavated internally, 

 is an expanded deeply pitted process that sends ofi" two ridges on the external 

 surface of the shaft that inclose a shallow depression. The external condyle 

 has been partly destroyed, but there is sufficient to show that the anterior 

 groove for receiving the patella was much wider and shallower than in the 

 existing bird. 



2. Humerus. — That belonging to the left side has been quite freed from 

 the matrix, but has evidently been much bruised and injured before fossiliza- 

 tion took place. The articular surface, where in contact with the ulna on the 

 same side, is fortunately well preserved. The right humerus, the internal 

 aspect and head of which only are freed from the matrix, is in perfect preser- 

 vation. It is a strong compressed bone of greater proportionate size to the 

 same bone in Eudyptes than was found to be the case with the femur. Its 

 total length is 6 inches, while the humerus of the recent skeleton with which 

 it has been compared is only 3 inches — the proportion being thus two to one, 

 while the femur was only as five to three. The greatest width of the fossil 

 bone is at the neck, where it is 1-7 inch, whilst the recent bone is widest at its 

 lowest third. The marked difference in the outline of the bones thus pro- 

 duced is very obvious in the drawings (PI. XVIII. figs. 1 and 4). Where 

 most compressed, which is at one-third from the distal extremity, its thickness 

 is only -2 inch. The powerful processes for the capsular and ligamentous 



