TypHa Insects: THEIR EcoLtocicaL RELATIONSHIPS 495 
desire for a moist place in which to pupate. The plants in the pots had 
dried up completely, and the soil, too, was quite dry, so that in order to 
find a moist place the larvae were forced to go to the bottom of the pot. 
The length of the pupal stage seems to vary considerably. Eight 
pupae were kept under observation, and the results are given in table 8: 
TABLE 8. LenetH or Pupat Stace oF CALENDRA PERTINAX OLIV.* 
| 
Length 
: Date of Date of 
Specimen . a of stage 
pupation emergence (days) 
Liscege ce umole ee eee July 15, 1917 July 24, 1917 9 
ecco CSc bu EO be Sot eE Soe July 15, 1917 July 22, 1917 7 
Veacencck eek e6d Reel eee eee duly UG) OU, | coe cdancewcc Died 
thong 2 clo 6 Be OSU OEE Eee ea ee July 21, 1917 July. 27, 1917 6 
SN mers eee ce oceadY s Cok aaa ara ems db A UO NN chee cn amococes Put in 
: preservative 
Dc cial A eRAA Ts Aue bo0 Lec ESSER en eee July 26, 1917 | August 8, 1917 13 
Che cee noe C6 nd bODs eae Sane July 29, 1917 | August 11, 1917 13 
Secgocsobeedo Une Ct eae eee July 29, 1917 | August 11, 1917 13 
SOETEIRE «2 0 2.66, CSRS NCSC Oe cat enone eee aie ene 10.16 
* The data on the first six pupae were determined for the writer by Dr. P. B. Lawson, of Lawrence, 
Kansas. The last two pupae were observed by the author himself. 
Description of the stages 
The egg (Plate XL, 16) 
Average length 2.15 mm., average greatest width 0.85 mm. Elongate oval, scarcely 
subreniform-elliptical. Color almost pure white. No distinct marking or sculpturing. As 
the time of hatching approaches, turning yellowish, and becoming quite dark just before the 
larva emerges. 
The larva (Plate XLYVIII, 77) 
Color dirty white. Head yellowish brown. Epicranial suture distinct. On each side 
of the epicranial suture a light line starting indistinctly at the vertex and running obliquely 
to the frontal suture. Mandibles very dark brown, almost black. Front of head darker 
near the fronto-clypeal suture. Clypeus light brown. Labrum with two curving sulci 
which divide it into three subequal parts. On the labrum four prominent hairs and a number 
of marginal hairs. Thoracic segment distinct. Prothorax with a yellowish, chitinized shield. 
Spiracles of prothorax large, oblong, and nearly twice as large as the other spiracles. Seg- 
ments 4, 5, and 6 of the abdomen greatly enlarged. Spiracles located on the dorsal surface. 
Length of larva, in its curled-up position, about 13 mm.; when straightened out, about 16-17 
mm.; greatest diameter 7 mm. 
