THE Hoag LousE 643 
In the same year Gross (1905:347) published the results of his investigation 
of the ovaries of the Mallophaga and the Pediculidae. In his introduction 
he sums up an earlier investigation as follows: 
Handlirsch (1903) places them [the Pediculidae] in a special order Siphunculata, Meinert 
next the Mallophaga in his subclass Blattaeformia. Borner (1904) gives them the same name, 
but raises the family to the rank of a suborder which, together with the Corrodentia, the Thy- 
‘sanoptera, and the Rhynchota, forms his order of Acercaria. Cholodkovsky (1904) joins the 
Pediculidae and the Mallophaga in one order, related with the Orthoptera rather than with 
the Hemiptera, for which he proposes the name Pseudorhynchota. Finally, Enderlein (1904) 
interprets the Pediculidae as one with the Anoplura —a name originating with Leach — 
an order lying near to the Rhynchota. None of the four opinions mentioned is to be con- 
sidered as entirely new. They are all found in similar form in the old entomologies of the 
preceding century.” - 
Gross next emphasizes the importance of using other less delicate organs 
than the mouth parts as a basis for comparison. 
A historical review of lice from the time of Aristotle, together with an 
account of the general characteristics of the order and descriptions of 
species, was prepared by Von Dalla Torre (1908) for the Genera Insectorum. 
For this Enderlein’s work served as a basis, as it did also later for the 
section on lice in the textbook of Patton and Cragg (1913:525). Neumann 
(1999 :530) criticized Enderlein’s splitting-up of the old genus Haematopi- 
nus of Leach as being for the present unnecessary, and retained the 
original classification in his descriptions of species (1911). Mjéberg (1910) 
published comparative studies of Anoplura and Mallophaga dealing with 
both the morphclogicai and the. systematic aspects of the question. Pre- 
vious to this time only the dissertation of Strébelt (1882, English trans. 
1883:73) had dealt with the anatomy of a species of Haematopinus — 
H. tenuirostris, now Linognathus vituli. The observations of the earliest 
workers — Hooke (1665), Swammerdam (1682), and Leeuwenhoek (1695) — 
and the investigations of the scientists of the latter half of the nineteenth 
century, dealt exclusively with the species infesting man. The presence 
of great armies in the field during the five years from 1914 to 1918, inclusive, 
compelled intensive studies of these species from medical and sanitary 
standpoints, with the subsequent publication of many valuable papers, 
of which a liberal use has been made in interpreting the anatomy of the 
pecies under investigation. 
The classification followed throughout this paper is that suggested by 
Vuttall (1919:329) in a recent review of the systematic literature of the 
2 Translated from the original German, 
