Tue Hog Louse 699 
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 
Male 
Mjoberg (1910:226-229) was the first to give an account of the male 
reproductive organs of Haematopinus suis Leach. He interpreted the 
male copulatory apparatus and introduced the following nomenclature 
for the different parts: (1) the basal plate, lying within the body, articulating 
distally with more or less free structures, the ejaculatory duct always 
passing dorsal to it; (2) the parameres (a term used first by Verhoeff in 
relation to Coleoptera, and quoted by Mjéberg), strongly chitinized parts 
articulating on the distal part of the basal plate; (3) the preputial 
sac, surrounding the penis and the distal part of the ejaculatory duct 
and appearing to be attached to the distal part of the basal plate between 
it and the parameres. Mjéberg suggested that the sac, like the penis, 
may have originated from an invagination of the ninth and tenth inter- 
sternital cuticula. He mentioned the mesodermal organs very briefly, 
giving most of his description to the ectodermal parts, which he figured 
with the penis both at rest and ejected. 
With the exception of Strébelt, the earlier workers dealt exclusively 
with the lice infesting man. Swammerdam did not describe the male 
reproductive organs; the forty specimens he studied were females. 
Leeuwenhoek (1695:387, and 1697:187 [English trans. 1807:163]) first 
discovered the male, but regarded the penis as a sting. Gaulke (1863) - 
thought the penis was an ovipositor for inserting the eggs under the skin. 
Landois (1864:17-21 and 1865a:52-54) described and figured the male 
reproductive organs of Phthirius inguinalis and Pediculus vestimentv. 
Graber (1872:158-159) referred to the work of Landois, and dealt briefly 
with the structure of the seminal vesicles and the copulatory apparatus, 
suggesting that the latter was a much more complicated organ than 
Landois had thought. Strébelt (1882, English trans. 1883:99) described 
the male generative organs of Linognathus vituli (Haematopinus tenuirostris) 
very briefly and incompletely. 
More recent work on the genitalia of the lice affecting man has been 
done by Pawlowsky (1908), Patton and Cragg (1913), Miller (1915), 
and Nuttall (1917 a). The work of the last-named is the most complete 
account yet published of the copulatory apparatus of the Pediculidae. 
It does not include the internal reproductive organs. According to 
