914 DEANE PHILLIPS 
ruptions in the trade resulting from wars, acts of Parliament, and 
other causes, there remained still another factor that affected the demand 
for horses. This was a change in the methods of manufacture of sugar, 
which took place in connection with a shift in the center of production 
from the small islands, such as Barbados, Antigua, and Guadeloupe, 
to the larger ones such as Jamaica and Haiti. 
The advantages of the larger islands for the production of sugar 
were numerous, and they early became apparent to both the British and 
the French. In both Jamaica and Santo Domingo there were extensive 
Savannas where pasturage was abundant, and the planters thus were 
able to produce in some measure the livestock needed for draft pur- 
poses on the plantations as well as some to be used for food; in addition, 
both islands were well stocked with wild horses and cattle left from 
the former Spanish occupation; (124) and, further, there was plenty 
of timber to be found, of a sort which could be used in constructing 
sugar mills." In Jamaica, at least, sugar could be cured more quickly 
than in the islands of the Windward group (125). Another factor, 
probably of more importance than any of the others, was the presence 
of numerous streams capable of furnishing water power for turning 
the heavy eylinders of the cane-crushing mills (126). All of these 
conditions tended to facilitate the production of sugar, and as a result 
Jamaica and Santo Domingo were enabled to increase their output at 
a more rapid rate than the small islands could do. 
The use of water power for driving the cane mills naturally removed 
the need for horses and eattle for this task. A similar displacement 
took place to some extent even in the colonies not possessed of adequate 
water power. In such colonies resort was had to wind-driven mills, 
and in Barbados, for example, according to Oldmixon, there were by 
1741 forty mills of this type to one of the earlier sort (127). On the 
whole, however, there probably remained in operation a very considerable 
number of the older horse and eattle mills, and this, together with the 
fact that they were still needed to haul supplies and to bring the canes 
from the field, continued to make horses an important item in the 
7 Jamaica was taken by the English from Spain in 1655, and was found to be so 
well stocked with horses and cattle that it was at once proposed to supply Barbados 
and the other British colonies from there. This plan was given up, however, because 
of. uae difficulty of sailing from Jamaica to the Windward Islands due to the prevailing 
winds. I | 
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