1330 Roger C. SmitH 
When an adult attempts to climb up the side of a glass bottle, the 
pulvilli must evidently be very clean if it is to succeed. The pulvilli 
are cleaned by the mandibles and the maxillae. The insect picks off 
adhering particles and apparently bites the pulvillus, probably to 
increase the flow of adhesive material. All the legs are cleaned by being 
drawn through the mouth between the maxillae and the labium, the 
right legs being drawn through the right side of the mouth and the left 
legs through the left side. There seems to be an adjustment for this in 
the mouth parts, as there is a definite space, apparently well suited to 
the purpose, between the maxillae and the labium. 
Protective devices 
The color of the adults so closely simulates their environment that 
considerable protection is afforded. But more striking is the repellent 
odor of most species. This odor is sickening and very objectionable, 
and has been described as resembling that of human feces. McDun- 
nough (1909) gives a brief account of the glands secreting the fluid that 
produces this odor. The odor appears to vary in intensity between the 
individuals of the different species, but it is generally strong in the 
oculata group, in Chrysopa chi, and in C. nigricornis, and weaker in the 
quadripunctata group. The full strength of the odor may be demon- 
strated by slightly squeezing the body of an adult between the fingers. 
A mutilated specimen gives a similar result. The odor will persist on 
the hands for several hours after adults are handled. This odor is only 
a partial protection from the insects’ enemies, though predacious enemies 
have been observed to be less serious than parasitic ones. 
The sexes 
It was early noticed that the 
ege-laying females nearly al- 
ways have very much distended 
abdomens, due to the eggs con- 
tained. So when adults are 
taken with abdomens larger than 
normal, it is generally safe 
to call them females. But the 
sexes have constant differences 
Fic. 158. END OF ABDOMEN IN CHRYSOPA in the external genitalia which 
(te 
= 
OCULATA, X 8. VENTRAL VIEW readily distinguish them. 
A, In adult female. The two circular areas : 
of peculiar setae are shown, also the genital The end of the abdomen of a 
opening (v 9 
Bin inauit pate female of Chrysopa oculata is 
