1338 Roger C. SmMitH 
sixteen primary pupal parasites, eight secondary pupal parasites, and 
one adult parasite, have been recorded for the Chrysopidae. The 
predacious enemies recorded are certain birds (Wildermuth, 1916), and 
a larva of Anatis 15-punctata (Schwartz, 1890). 
Parasites 
Egg parasites 
Trichogramma minutum Riley was the only egg parasite reared 
during these studies. This parasite attacks the eggs of a large 
number of different insects, but, so far as is known, has not before been 
reported as attacking eggs of the Chrysopidae. Its life history has been 
given by Bodkin*, together with valuable biological notes on the 
species. Parasitized eggs turned to a smoky color in about three days, 
and jet black with a peculiar dull appearance in another day. One egg 
was glued fast to a leaf by a gelatinous substance, but later examples 
show this to have been an exception. When mature the adult parasite 
emerged through an irregularly circular hole eaten in the side of the 
egg. This parasite is of no appreciable importance inasmuch as its 
occurrence in nature is rare. Its life history may be readily studied by 
obtaining the parasites from some other host—as, for example, eggs of 
the corn-ear worm (Chlorida obsoleta Fab.)—and inducing parasitism 
on chrysopid eggs. 
Larval parasites 
Only one parasite attacking the larva was taken. This was a para- 
sitic chigger mite of the genus Erythraeus (Hartzel, 1918). While the 
writer was collecting on the grounds of the Soldiers’ Home at Milwaukee 
on August 25, 1917, a number of larvae of Chrysopa rufilabris were taken 
which had one or more of these bright red mites attached. They 
remained attached to the larvae for several days when the larvae were 
confined in vials, and a few remained permanently attached when the 
larvae were preserved in alchohol. Larvae thus parasitized showed very 
slow growth. 
Pupal parasites 
Considering the word pupa here as including the prepupa, which 
stage is also spent inside the cocoon, a number of important pupal 
parasites have been obtained. The primary and secondary parasites 
that have emerged from cocoons are given in the accompanying table. 
3Bodkin, G. The egg parasite of the small sugar cane borer. Board Agr. British 
Guiana. Journ. 6:188-198. 1903. 
