154 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 



(4.) Directives. — These are often combined witli the prefix of 

 motion, pa. 



1. Ngapa, hither (cf. prons. nga-i, I; nga, who?) ; ngapa-uzwr, 



come hither ; nga/pa-mani., bring hither ; ngapa-nagemiu, 

 look hither. Macgillivray has the following note upon 

 ngapa : — 



"Ngapa. — This is a word which, from the variety of 

 its modes of application, long puzzled me. Careful 

 examination of sentences in which it occurred led to 

 the following results : — 1st. It may be used as an 

 independent word to denote motion towards the speaker, 

 the pronoun which would otherwise be required being 

 omitted. Example : ' adur = go out,' but ' ngapi' adur = 

 come out (towards the speaker),' ' lah^ ngapa = to come 

 again, to return.' 2nd. It is also used as a postfix to 

 denote motion towards the object to which it is joined. 

 Example : ' laga' p^ [yigapa) aigewel = come to the hut,' 

 ' mue' pa teir = throw it into the fire.' 3rd. It is used in 

 a third sense. Example : ' wawpi' pa = to go fishing,' 

 ' kaia 'pa = to go to a dance. 4th. It is often used as an 

 equivalent to ' give me,' the hand being held out at the 

 same time. Example : ' ngapa = let it come to me.' " 

 [ii., 308]. 



The first of these uses is the directive ; the second the 

 dative ; the third the verbal suffix. 



2. Ada, adapa, thither, outward ; ada-taen, adapa-taean, to 



throw away ; ada-pudiz, high (to be out beyond some- 

 thing else); adapuidan, to eject; adapa-mani, to take 

 away ; adapakadaman, to peel, to tear away. Cf. Mir. 

 ode, outside. 



3. Kadai, Jcadaipa, up ; Icadai-tariz, to stand up ; kadai-nagiz, 



to look up; kadaipa-waliz, to climb up. Cf. Mir. Tcotor, 

 up, sky. 



4. Apa, down; apa taean, to throw down; apa-tanu, to sit 



down ; apa-sin, to stoop ; apa-nian, to sit on the 

 ground. 



5. Mulpa, down ; mulpa-pogamiz, to descend. 



