ScHARFF — 0)1 the Origin of the European Fauna. 447 



been discovered in the Pyrenees, viz. the reindeer, th.e Arctic hare, 

 the -willow grouse, &c., have nothing to do with the animals which 

 invaded Europe from Siberia during the Glacial Period. In that they 

 are, indeed, of quite a distinct origin, and that they came from Scan- 

 dinavia, I fully agree with him, but will leave the discussion of the 

 Arctic migration until I have considered the origin and history of the 

 Siberian fauna. 



In order to show the importance of the Siberian element in the 

 English fauna, I will give a list of the species of the Mammals which 

 have migrated to Great Britain from Siberia, marking those with a * 

 which still exist or only became extinct in historic times in the 

 country. There is no reason to suppose that any of the latter became 

 extinct and have since been re-introduced. 



Canis lagopus, Myodes leminus. 



Gulo luscus. ,, torquatus. 



**Mustela erminea. ^-'Mus minutus. 



* ,, putorius. *Arvicola agrestis. 



^''' ,, vulgaris. * ,, amphibius. 



*Sorex vulgaris. ,, arvalis. 



llyogale moschata. *>' ,, glareolus. 



Lepus diluvianus. ,, grrgiilis. 



*' ,, europaeus. ,, ratLieeps. 



Lagomys pusillus. E(]^uus caballus. 



*Castor iiber. Antilope saiga. 



Cricetus songarus. Ovibos moschatus. 



Sphermophilus eversmanni. Alces latifrons. 



,, erythrogenoides. ,, machlis. 



Eangifer tarandus. 



We have geological evidence that most of these twenty-nine 

 species of Mammals emigrated from Siberia to Europe across the 

 Steppes of Southern Pussia. Along with them came a large number 

 of other forms of life, and also plants; and as we advance eastward 

 from England, we meet with them in increasing numbers to the pre- 

 sent day. But not only on the Continent do we find these survivals 

 of the vast Siberian migration which has been so ably described by 

 Prof. ISTehring (62 rt & b), no less than ten species still live in Great 

 Britain (including the recently extinct beaver). On the other hand, 

 not more than three of the species mentioned on the list above have 

 been found fossil in Ireland, and only one still survives. This very 

 significant fact will be referred to more fully later on. Meanwhile 



