0'E.EiLLY — Milesian Colonization relative to Oold-mining. 53 



earthquake appears thus to he confirmed. It is certain that the sea 

 without the Straits of Gibraltar, has encroached on the land. It is 

 said that in very calm weather when the tide is low, the ruins of the 

 old houses and the remains of the Temple of Hercules may sometimea 

 be discovered under the water." 



Chambers' Encyclopaedia (1888) says of it: "Cadiz, one of the 

 most ancient towns in Eiu'ope, having been built by the Phoenicians 

 ■under the name of Gaddir (= ' fortress') about 1100 e.g." 



The excellent article in Smith's " Dictionary of Ancient Geo- 

 graphy" says " it was the chief Phoenician colony outside the pillars 

 of Hercules, having been established by them long before the 

 beginning of classical history. To the Greeks and Eomans it was 

 long the westernmost point of the knowTi world ; and the island on. 

 which it stood (Isla de Leon) was identified with that of Erytheia, 

 where King Geryon fed the oxen which were carried off by Hercules — 

 or, according to some, Erytheia was near Gadeira." 



Page 924. — " There are extant coins of the old Phoenician period as 

 well as of the Eoman city ; the former are, with one exception, of 

 copper, and generally bear the head of the Tyrian Hercules (Melcarth) 

 on the reverse, one or two fishes, with a Phoenician epigraph in two 

 lines, of which the upper has not been satisfactorily explained, while 

 the lower consists of four letters which answer to the Hebrew 

 characters for Agadir or Sagadir, that is the genuine Phoenician form 

 of the city's name, with the prosthetic breathing or article, the 

 omission of which gives Gadir, the form recognized by the Greek and 

 Roman writers." 



Professor George Eawlinson, in his "Phoenicia" (1890), (" Story 

 of the JN'ations "), gives (page 66), after Kenrick, a vivid description 

 of the wealth of the "wide plains through which the Guadalquiver 

 flows." " Gold, silver, quicksilver, tin, lead, copper, and iron abound 

 in the mountains in which the Eoetis (Guadalquiver) audits tributaries 

 rise." 



Page 67. — " The ocean tides which enter the mouths of these 

 rivers (Guadalquiver and Guadiana) carried ships far up into the 

 land." The sea was equally productive with the land in the materials 

 for an extensive commerce. ' ' In this delightful region (says Prof. 

 Eawlinson), at a very early date, soon after the Trojan War, accord- 

 ing to Strabo, the Phoenicians founded the colonies of Gadm-a or 

 Gades, whose name survives in the modern Cadiz, of Malaca (now 

 (Malaga), of Abdera (now Adra), and of Carteia (perhaps Eocadillo). 

 Of these by far the most important was Gadeira." 



