Knowles — Frekidoric Remains, Sandhills, Coast of Ireland. 379 



the old surface. I think there is no one who would say that arrow- 

 heads ceased to be made or used the moment bronze was introduced 

 into this country. I should say that more than most other implements 

 arrow-heads would continue in use for a considerable time after the 

 introduction of implements of metal, but at the same time they were 

 mainly of Neolithic age, and even had their origin in Palaeolithic times. 



The names applied to the various kinds of arrow-heads are taken 

 from the classification recommended by myseK (see Journal Anthro- 

 pological Institu.te for May, 1877). I endeavoured to make the 

 di\'isions sufficiently distinct, and yet retain the old terms that had 

 been long in use. I considered that we could include our arrow and 

 spear-heacls under the following divisions : — Stemmed, indented, 

 triangular, leaf shaped, kite shaped, and lozenge shaped. I hope in a 

 short time to take up the subject again, and give illustrations of the 

 different types. 



We do not know whether the people of the western sites, where 

 there was no flint, used bows and arrows, and if so, how they would 

 tip their arrows. Some savage nations have used hard wood, bone, and 

 also pieces of shell for their arrow-points. The Irish j^eolithic people 

 of the south and west may have acted somewhat similarly, but this is 

 a question that is still open for investigation. 



EuDE Flakes and Spalls as Tools. 



In my last report to the Academy I stated my belief that flakes and 

 splinters of hard rock found in various sites, especially those in Donegal 

 and the west coast of Ireland; which were far removed from the 

 flint producing rocks, were used with little or no di-essing as knives, 

 scrapers, choppers, and axes. Fia-ther experience convinces me that 

 the use of such rude objects for temporary tools was much practised. 

 I have mentioned the use made of the sharp edges of flakes, which might 

 be regarded as failures, at Whitepark Bay. Those referred to would 

 perhaps cut as well as the best made flakes, and they seem to have 

 been turned to account in a temporary way. I show a few of the rude 

 objects fi"om sites where flint is absent in No. VII., and have abeady 

 described them. The edges of all show marks of use. The knife- 

 like flake with section, shown in fig. 34, and which was found at 

 Ballybunnion, has the marks of use as a knife or chopper, but this is 

 not intentional di-essing, as might appear from the figiu'e. In the sites 

 of the West of Ireland the people of the Stone Age had no better 

 material for implements than the coarse crystalline rocks found there, 



E.I.A. PROC, SEE. III., vol. VI. 2 E 



