5 46 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 



To this has to be added about £250 from the fishing and about £105 

 from the kelp-burning. 



At the same time Mr. Kilgallon says that there are usually imported 

 annually about twenty young calves, five rams, one or two cows and occasionally 

 a bull ; as well as seed potatoes, oats, rye, mangels, turnips, and grasses, chiefly 

 perennial rye-grass, and red clover. Young pigs are also imported. 



It ought to be mentioned that very little can now be learned from the 

 live stock on the island. They are now what the male stock brought in by 

 the Congested Districts Board have made them. A few of the cattle show 

 that there is Longhorn blood in them, and from this we might infer that the 

 old island stock was swamped by Longhorns imported from the mainland in the 

 eighteenth, perhaps the nineteenth, century; but for the most part they show 

 strong traces of the recently imported Galloways. The sheep show faint 

 indications of an older breed somewhat similar in character to the modern 

 Welsh : but the ponies are indistinguishable from the Conneniara pony of the 

 mainland. 



For the assistance of others engaged in the Survey of Clare Island the 

 following may be set down as approximately the dates for the introduction to 

 Ireland of the plants and animals referred to : — 



Oats : near the beginning of the Christian era. Barley : about the time of 

 the Eoman invasion of Britain. Bye : either the same date as for the oat or 

 as late as the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Wlieat : anywhere from the 

 time the Romans were in Britain till the twelfth or thirteenth century, 

 but most probably after Strongbow's invasion. Potatoes : the end of the 

 sixteenth century. Twrnips: the eighteenth century. Bed Clover: ditto. 

 : ditto. Sainfoin: ditto. Italian Bye Grass: ditto. Swedes: 1790. 

 Mangels: 1790. Hornless Cattle : the ninth century. longhorns: the seven- 

 teenth century. Bed Cattle from the south of England: the seventeenth 

 century. Shorthorns: 1760. Herefords: 1760. Aberdeen- Angus: 1840. Lo/ig- 

 woolled Sheep : the seventeenth century. 



The writer of this paper wishes to express his deep indebtedness and 

 thanks to the following gentlemen for invaluable suggestions and criticisms : 

 Dr. L. C. Purser, f.t.c.d., and Professor J. I. Beare, f.t.c.d. ; Mr. A. E. Quekett, 

 M.A. (Ox on. ) ;. and Professor Carl Marstrander, of the School of Irish Learning. 



He has also to express his sincere thanks to Messrs. M'C'abe and Kilgallon, 

 of Clare Island, for information about the island in the present day, and, 

 above all, to the librarians and attendants in the Xational Library of Ireland, 

 for their constant and unfailing courtesy and kindness. 



