414 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 



mentions a few fibres of the inferior constrictor of tlie pharynx which 

 take origin from the side of the thyroid body. He says it is present 

 in about one per cent, of subjects examined. I haye not been so 

 fortunate as to meet with a specimen. 



Azygos fliaryngis (Meckel) ; solitarms phmyngis (Santorini). — 

 Under this name Meckel describes a small muscle, usually mesial and 

 single, rarely bilateral and symmetrical (Ketel, 1870), passing from the 

 pharyngeal spine on the basilar process of the occipital bone downwards 

 for a variable distance along the median raphe of the pharynx, into 

 which it is inserted. It is seldom more than half an inch in length. 

 I have found it four times in eighty-seven subjects: once bilateral. 



Pliaryngo-rnastoicleus (Ketel). — Arises fi'om the anterior and inner 

 aspect of the mastoid process, and passes inwards between superior 

 and middle constrictors of pharynx to its insertion into the lateral 

 wall of the tube, blending with the fibres of these muscles. I have 

 met with three examples. 



SaJ'jnngo-pharyngeus (Sandifort). — A muscular fasciculus passing 

 fi'om Eustachian tube to side of pharynx behind the palato-pharyngeus. 

 I have met with one example. 



Scalenus anticus. — I have occasionally seen this muscle taking a 

 vertebral origin more or less than that usually described. The only 

 other remarkable peculiarity I have ever observed is, that in two 

 instances I found the phrenic nerve piercing its fibres. 



Scalenus meclius. — The superior attachment of this muscle, as Krause 

 has correctly pointed out, isfi'omthe anterior, not the posterior tu\)eTLc\QS 

 of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, as other anatomists 

 describe it. The usual number is six — all excepting the atlas — but I 

 have found the number to vary fi'om thi'ee, the smallest, to all, seven. 

 In one case I found it attached below to the second rib only. In a 

 very large proportion of subjects I found its vertebral attachment quite 

 inseparable from the scalenus posticus. 



Scalenus ])osticus. — In only two instances did I observe any notable 

 anomaly of this muscle. One was complete absence. The other was 

 attachment of lower end to third rib. 



Scalenus minimus (Albinus). — The usual origin of this muscle is 

 from the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of fifth, sixth, and 

 seventh cervical vertebrae, behind the attachment of anterior scalenus, 

 to which it is often inseparably adherent. Its inferior extremity is 

 connected to the second rib. Macalister makes the relative irequency 

 of its presence three times in seven subjects, and " oftener present 

 inseparably united to the other scalenes." Ea'ause gives a proportion 

 of forty-two per cent. I have not been able to find it in so large a pro- 

 portion of cases : it was well defined five times in twenty-three 

 bodies. 



Scalenuslateralis (Albinus); musculus costo-transversalis. — This muscle 

 arises from the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and 

 passes downwards between the middle and posterior scaleni and a 

 little outside the latter (of which it would seem to be a detached 

 portion) to its inferior attachment to second rib. I have found it 



