Scharfp, Seymour, and Nkwton — Castle pooh Cave. 45 



Mammoth found in it, besides which, on digging deep, we got bones and 

 teeth of the usual fossil mammals. At its southern end this opened on its 

 east side into the Beak's Den, which extended some 20 feet further south, 

 and which terminates its direct course abruptly at each end. At either end 

 it has openings east and west. That opposite the end of the Vertebra Gallery 

 leads into an extension of the gallery of the Swallow-hole (below), and it 

 proved to be very deep and full of bone-sand, in which we got a half mandible 

 of adult Hysena, with Eeindeer bones both above and beneath it, as far down 

 as six feet below the surface ; also remains of Bear and Mammoth. 



The Beak's Den has a simple vaulted roof, with perpendicular sides, 

 which, however, narrowed beneath the sand-bed, leaving barely room to work 

 in. This sand, which was muddy or earthy, contained blocks and rubble that 

 increased as we descended. We dug in places four feet deep, and the first 

 foot or so contained hardly any bones ; but the bed below that was the 

 richest I have seen, so that we filled two riddles with remains of Mammoth, 

 Bear, and Eeindeer. 



The richness of these deep, narrow galleries is due to the bones having 

 been packed into close limits, and buried deep, where they lay undisturbed. 



At its southern end the Bear's Den led eastward by another sloping 

 opening into a chamber that crossed the trenches of two narrow galleries. 

 The nearest or western one contained a swallow-hole, in which was found a 

 fine Mammoth's tooth, loose, under a stone. Both these galleries, and the 

 chamber that contained them, yielded from their sand-beds a number of 

 bones. 



On the opposite or west side of the Bear's Den (21) the sloping orifice led 

 into the Gallery of the Humerus, so named from a Mammoth's humerus 

 discovered in a deep cavity, packed in with pieces of limestone, under a cake of 

 brecciated sand. The extremities of this huge bone had been much gnawed. 

 The southern extremities of this, and of the Gallery of the Swallow-hole, 

 were too narrow to pursue. 



An examination of the Low Hall (19-21) .shows that its structure is 

 analogous to that of the smaller chamber of the Swallow-hole Gallery. In 

 each of these a wide vacancy was formed, above the bedding-plane, of a harder 

 stratum of rock, leaving the deep trenches of the galleries in the latter. In 

 the Low Hall this plane slopes up above the level of the upper stalagmite, 

 at the mouth of the Threatening Gallery, where it depends from one side, 

 laden with blocks. 



A similar slope may be seen in the Elephant Hall, where the trench of 

 the Long Gallery commenced. The dip in these cases is always to the north, 

 and the same slope is observable in the series of east and west openings at 



