58 Proceedings ol the Royal [risk Academy. 



occurred in seventy-three of the deposits examined, and in fifty-nine cases 

 they were mingled with those of Eeindeer. Hence there cannot be the 

 slightest doubt that these two herbivores lived contemporaneously in Ireland. 

 Moreover, since many of the bones and teeth of the Mammoth belonged to 

 very immature individuals, the young were born and reared in this country. 

 This, again, implies that the food-supply in Ireland was ample, both for the 

 maintenance of herds of Mammoths as well as of Reindeer. We may also 

 assume that the climate of Ireland was mild throughout. It' the Mammoth 

 had been subjected to severe winters, with much frost, it would vapidly have 

 become extinct, and could nut have successfully reared its progeny in the 

 country. 



Almost all the Mammoth hones showed traces of having been gnawed by 

 a large carnivore. Many of the epiphyses of the long bones were eaten 

 away, and Bhowed distinctly the large tooth-marks (e.g. M.I>. 22 and 126). 

 A -<'apula V M.D. 20, also exhibited the impression of greal teeth very clearly. 

 I have expressed my opinion in dealing with the Reindeer that the Hysena 

 - largely responsible For the pn bo many skeletons "i thai species 



in the cave. In nineteen instances Mammoth and Hyaena bones were Found 

 by side. From this fact we may certainly conclude that the two animals 

 were contemporaneous in Ireland, and that the Hyaena had dragged the bones 

 of the Mammoths into the cave to gnaw them at leisure. 



Among the bones of the Mammoth found in the cave there were the 



remains of at least two adults and several young. One incomplete mandible 



an immature Mammoth < M.D. 76 had a right and left milk molar in situ. 



re were other single upper and lower milk molars, and a specimen of the 

 extremely rare milk incisor. I am not aware of the previous occurrence of 

 such a tooth in the British Islands. 



The Mammoth evidently inhabited all parts of Ireland, for its remains 

 have been di i in Antrim, Cavan, Galway, and Waterford. It may 



-ihly have been contemporaneous with Man in Ireland; hut of this we 

 have no direct evidence. We know, however, that in England and on the 



tinent of Europe it survived up to the Stone Age. 1 



Ox (Bos tan r us). 



Almost all the teeth and hones of Oxen were of young individuals, which 

 had possibly been brought into the cave by foxes within recent times. All 

 these remai:. a to tie- modern mixed breeds. 



• >nly a single skull fragment seemed somewhat more ancient, and proved 



\ Leith: " Monograph of the British Fossil Elephants." I'alaeontoh 

 Soc 1-77 1881, 



