88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



And where upon the bay of glass 

 That mirrors him on either hand. 

 His shadow Sandanona throws : 

 By Gwiendauqua's bristling fall, 

 Through Twen-ungasko's echoing glen, 

 To wild Ouluska's inmost den. 

 Alone — alone with that poor thrall, 

 I wrestled life away in all ! 



It will be readily seen that Hoffman took liberties with some 

 names in these hnes, but he unites local names and features in a 

 very striking way. He also spoke of a feature of this region easily 

 seen, and which is frequent elsewhere: "The geographical names> 

 often traceable to at least four different languages, are necessarily 

 much confused; while from occasional similarity of physical fea- 

 tures in lake and mountain, none but our habitual dwellers in these 

 solitudes could properly identify the Indian terms with the local- 

 ities to which they refer," In these names he followed Gallatin 

 closely and seems to have adapted some from him. 



Ad-i-ron-dacks, tree eaters, is a name now applied to a large 

 group of mountains, and pronounced Ha-te-en-tox by the Onon- 

 dagas. It was the name of a Canadian people who were formidable 

 foes of the Iroquois and often invaded their territory. 



All-na-pook-na-pus is Sabele's name for Indian lake, and it may 

 be defined the lake zvhich is very clear. 



At-a-te-a, abbreviated from geihuhatatie, a river, is usually ap- 

 plied in whole or paft to the Hudson, but is given here to the 

 Sacondaga, one of its large branches. 



Ca-ho-ga-ron-ta, torrent in the woods, is thus defined by Hoff- 

 man, but the only suggestion of locality is in the poem quoted above. 

 It is derived from kaihogha, a creek or small river, and garonta, a 

 tree, and might be applied to any considerable forest stream. 



Con-gam-unck creek is a new name in this county, referring to a 

 lake and not a stream. It is thus out of place. 



Cough-sa-ra-ge, the dismal wilderness according to French, or 

 Cough-sa-gra-ge, rendered the heaver-hvmting grounds of the Five 

 Nations by others, covers more than Essex county on early maps, 

 and mention, has already been made of the name. The name seems 

 to refer to winter. In the third edition of his account of the colo- 

 nies, 1766, Governor Pownall mentioned one great hunting ground 

 of the Five Nations as " Couchsachraga, a tract lying on the south- 



