116 



and turbid streams resulting from deforestation. What little meat is eateu. 

 is chiefly swine and chicken. Sheep continue to suffer from exposure and 

 dogs. Beef is walked to market to obtain cash with which to pay taxes. 

 The Ayrshire stock is giving way to a fine short-horn type of cattle, owing 

 to the opening of stock yard cattle markets, as at Mt. Sterling. The moun- 

 tain mule and pony are being displaced by larger types. Goats suffer from 

 the rough, wet, winter climate. 



The development of pasturage for live stock would prove to be a fund- 

 amental advantage. Timothy is the chief forage crop : clover is second. 

 A diminutive Japanese clover has filtered into the mountains, and takes 

 possession of deserted fields. It is good for grazing, but it is too small to 

 be cut. 



A gricuJture. 



About 80 per cent, of the land is in farms, of which 45 per cent, is 

 improved, and 23.5 per cent, in woodland. Tbe average size of the farm is 

 85.7 acres, of which about thirty-nine acres are improved (Kentucky : 

 S5.6 ; 55.4 — Indiana: 98.9; 78.6). The average value of all crops per farm 

 in 1910 was $310.70. (Kentucky: $536.20— Indiana : $947.60). The aver- 

 age value of implements and machinery per farm in 1910 was $32.3. (Ken- 

 tucky : $80 — Indiana: $190). About 6.6 cents worth of fertilizer was 

 used per improved farm acre in 1909. (Kentucky: 8.7 — Indiana: 12.8). 



The total value of all crops in 1909 was : 24.S million dollars, of which 

 cereals amounted to 12.2 million, vegetables 3.8, hay and forage 1.1, and 

 fruits and nuts 1,1. The total area in cereals was 921,538 acres, of which 

 corn constituted 841,744 acres; oats, 39,341; wbeat, 36,403; rye, 1,579: 

 and barley, 510. Some 21,397 acres were devoted to potatoes, 5,673 to sweet 

 potatoes and yams, and 10,713 to edible beans (a staple food in tbe moun- 

 tains). Sorghum was raised on 21,970 acres, and hay and forage on 

 162,944 acres. Tbere were 1,825,895 apple trees out of a total of 2,425,047 

 fruit trees. Peaches ranked second to apples. 



The average production of corn per acre in 1909 in the region was 18.7 

 bushels ; in Kentucky, 24.2 ; in Indiana, 40. The corresponding figures for 

 wheat were 9.9; 12.S; and 16.3. Similar data for potatoes were 76.6; 

 91.8; and 99.4. Tbe respective figures in tons of forage per acre were .8: 

 .9 : and 1.2. 



The shale soil, which is most common, is fairly fertile, and produces 

 good crops of corn under good cultivation, on gentle slopes. The chief 



