370 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 



portolans. Froude is evidently wrong in identifying it with Cliara, or Clare 

 Island, which is not one of the salient points of the coast lying far back 

 witliin Aehill Head, the Cap d'Aquilla of the maps. 



3. The Text of the Portolans. 



In attempting to identify the names on the maps, I tabulated all my 

 material into columns. This immediately excluded many plausible identifica- 

 tions, by showing that the doubtful name lay farther along the coast, and 

 sometimes tied it down to a space a few miles long between two known 

 points. This also obviated the results of badly copied names in the old 

 maps which appear even in the earliest copies. The majority of the names 

 identify themselves at the first glance, and others on even the slightest study 

 of the Irish names — so Draueri is seen to be Dairbhre, or Valentia Island ; 

 Glenbaron (or Glenbaton) to be Glenberchon (or Glenbarron), i.e. Castlehaven ; 

 leocolo, Eochaill (or Youghal) ; Dondiab (or Dondub), Dundubhain 

 (Rinndubhaiu), or Hook. Knowledge of local pronunciation also helps us, as, 

 e.g., Corran for Carn, Corborg for Carbery. On the other hand, a number 

 of most corrupt names' give but little trouble when the maps are compared : — 

 Laionel, Eiscon, Araxas, Mocora, Brotin, Dimeri, and Drassert equate with 

 Terconel, Eachrin, Estacas, Leocolo, Arani, Limeric, and Draueri on other 

 maps, and these are easily identified with Tirconnell, Rathlin, the Stags, 

 Youghal, Aran, Limerick and Valentia, or Dairbhre. Ferestin is found to be 

 Belcotin, or Ballycottin, and Eisalt, Tisealt or Tuskar. Drogheda (its name 

 then, as ever since, a stumbling-block to non-Irish men) yields such forms as 

 Drogai and Drigodella ; Waterford, Gataforda or Zataford ; Wexford, 

 Achefort, Arifod, Ocsola, Ogorda, and even Cossard ; Wicklow hardly less 

 corruptly as Ayello, Vizello, and Uidibla. Earely, however, is a name 

 equivocal, as " Califord," which is Carlingford in the Dulcert and most other 

 maps, but is Strangford in Homen's map, which makes Carlingford 

 " Carlefor." The name for Carrickfergus (or Knockfergus) is interesting, 

 " Chenockfirg," showing that it was pronounced fully, as at the present time 

 the modern map-name " Nicker " is locally K-nieker, i.e., Conigar. " Ulrford" 

 in Freducei's map closely follows the correct form Ullerford Ullarha in Irish, 

 and now Larne Lough. Larne itself is " Langra." Only by comparison when 

 we find the old "momer" (or"moneri") represented by " mono-arger " do 

 we recognize Bonamargy. Acquaintance with the Irish Chancery Eolls 

 shows that Andelforda is the Endilforth or harbour of Kinsale. There are, 



' Similarly in the English names, after the first shock, we easily identify Gitigalazco with 

 Wincholsea, Huic, with Wight, Chasetra with Exeter, or Senttm with Sandwich. 



