838 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
summer and early fall. In such cases the larval existence is, of course, 
greatly shortened. The larval habitat is exceedingly varied and may be 
summarized as follows:* 
Tanyderidae.— Nothing whatever is known of the immature stages of this group of flies, 
and it is very desirable that some of the forms should be reared. They are very rare, how- 
ever, and even the adults are uncommon in collections. It is very probable that the larvae 
of species of Protoplasa, the only genus in the Northern Hemisphere, will be found to be 
amphibious, such a larval habitat often characterizing primitive forms. 
Aes Semi-aquatic or amphibious (Ptychoptera, Bittacomorpha, Bittacomor- 
phella). 
Rhyphidae.—In decaying vegetable and animal matter (Trichocera, Mycetobia, Rhyphus). 
Tipulidae.— Limnobiini: Aquatic, in silken cases or tubes among submerged mosses 
(Dicranomyia simulans); semi-aquatic or in moist earth (Limnobia fallaz, and probably 
L. solitaria and L. parietina); in decaying vegetable matter (Limnobia indigena, Rhipidia 
domestica); in decaying wood and under the bark (Dicranomyia rara, D. macateei, D. dume- 
torum, Discobola, Limnobia cinctipes, L. annulus, Rhipidia bryanti, .R. fidelis, and others); in 
fungi (Limnobia xanthoptera, L. triocellata, and sometimes L. cinctipes). The Hawaiian 
species Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swezey mines in the leaves of gesneriaceous plants 
(Cyrtandra), forming long, tortuous tunnels. 
Antochini: Aquatic, very similar to habitat of Dicranomyia simulans as described above, 
in silken cases on rocks that are thoroly wet (Elliptera) ; in submerged stems of Rumex aquaticus 
(Rhamphidia longirostris); in slow or rapid water on stones (Antocha); in moist earth or mud 
(Toxorhina muliebris); under the bark of decaying trees (Elephantomyia westwoodi, Teucholabis 
complexa). 
Eriopterini: In moist earth or mud in close proximity to water (most species of the 
tribe — Ormosia nubila, O. innocens, O. meigenti, O. nigripila, Erioptera chlorophylla, E. 
vespertina, EH. septemtrionis, Molophilus pubipennis, Helobia hybrida, Gonomyia sulphurella, 
and others); in earth of a somewhat drier nature (Chionea); in wet sandy soil (Gonomyia 
alexander); under the bark of decaying trees (Gnophomyia tristissima). The tropical species of 
Trentepohlia live in decaying vegetable matter, or, asin the case of the two American species 
T. bromeliadicola and T’. leucoxena, in the water gathered in the axils of bromeliaceous plants. 
Limnophilini: Aquatic (Limnophila luteipennis and others); in wet or saturated organic 
mud in close proximity to running or standing water (most species of the tribe — Limnophila 
macrocera, L. tenuicornis, L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. adusta, Adelphomyia, and others); 
in decaying wood and under the bark (Epiphragma fascipennis, E. solatrix, E. picta, Limnoph- 
ila wnica, and others); in fungi ( Ula elegans, U. macroptera, and others). 
Hexatomini: Aquatic in the early larval stages, going to land only when fully grown 
and ready to transform to the pupal condition; in sandy soil in close proximity to rather 
large streams or rivers (Eriocera spinosa, E. longicornis, EH. fultonensis, E. tristis, Hexatoma 
megacera, and others); in organic earth and rich humus (Penthoptera albitarsis). As stated 
elsewhere, the larvae of this tribe are carnivorous, the larger species feeding on organisms 
as large as the nymphs of dragon-flies. 
Pediciini: Aquatic or amphibious (probably all the species of the tribe — Pedicia albivitia, 
P. rivosa, Tricyphona, Rhaphidolabis tenuipes, R. flaveola, Dicranota bimaculata, and others). 
As stated elsewhere, the larvae of this tribe are carnivorous, those of the species of Dicranota 
feeding on worms of the genus Tubifex. 
Cylindrotominae: Aquatic, on submerged plants and similar places (Phalacrocera 
replicata); in mountain torrents on the aquatic moss Fontinalis (Triogma trisulcata). Terres- 
trial, on leaves of flowering plants, as species of Anemone, Stellaria, Viola, and other genera 
(Cylindrotoma distinctissima); on mosses of the genus Hypnum and related species (Liogma 
9 The following entomologists have kindly supplied the writer with specimens or data on certain species 
as follows: Johannsen, Limnobia fallar; Greene, L. indigena; Shannon and Knab, Rhipidia bryant; 
Mrs. Tothill, Toxorhina; Johnson and Shannon, Elephantomyia; Hyslop, Oropeza and Longurio. 
