THe CRANE-FLIES oF NEw York — Part I 839 
glabrata, L. nodicornis). The larvae of this group are usually bright green in color, are 
variously armed with spines and filaments, and bear a striking resemblance to the caterpillars 
of certain Lepidoptera. 
Dolichopezini: In decaying wood (Brachypremna dispellens); underneath the moss 
Hedwigia albicans, but also in moist earth (Oropeza). 
Ctenophorini: In decaying wood (Ctenophora apicata and others); in wood that is but 
slightly decayed (Tanyptera). The species of the latter genus bore into the wood of Acer 
and other hardwood trees while it is still in a good state of preservation, and represent the 
maximum development of the wood-boring habit in this family so far as is known to the writer. 
Tipulini: Aquatic, but going to the land for pupation (Tipula abdominalis, T. cayuga, 
T. tephrocephala, and others); semi-aquatic or amphibious (Holorusia rubiginosa, Longurio, 
Tipula bella, T. sayi, T. strepens, T. tricolor, and others); under moss growing on moist 
earth (Tipula nobilis, T. collaris, and others); in drier soil feeding on the tissue of plants 
(Tipula ultima, T. bicornis, T. cunctans, Nephrotoma ferruginea, and others); under bark 
of prostrate trees in an advanced state of decay (Tipula usitata, T. trivittata, and others). 
The green larvae of an undetermined Tipula (possibily 7. iroquois) live in submerged 
mosses (Hypnum, sens. lat.) in rapid-flowing streams where the current is very strong; 
here they are associated with a society which is characteristic of such places — may-flies 
(Iron fragilis), black-flies (Simulium), net-winged midges (Blepharocera), Stratiomyiidae, 
Anthomyiidae, Limnophora torreyae, and a host of other forms. 
The larva of the crane-fly has a segmented body, with about twelve 
apparent segments; the head is a composite of several small sclerites. The 
larva is wormlike in appearance and is legless, and the head is capable of 
retraction within the body except in the Ptychopteridae and the Rhyphidae. 
At the caudal end of the body is the disk bearing the two spiracles, or 
stigmata. Except in the Limnobiini this disk is surrounded by a varying 
number of fleshy lobes — two in the Pediciini (fig. 122,%), four in many 
of the Tipulinae, the Cylindrotominae (fig. 122, a), the Antochini, and the 
Hexatomini (fig. 122,F), five in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini (fig. 
122,p), and many of the Tipulinae, and six or eight in other species. 
Beneath the spiracular disk are the gills, usually four or six in number. 
These are long and filiform in the aquatic species (fig. 122,1), and cor- 
respondingly reduced or entirely absent in the less aquatic and the ter- 
restrial species. In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 122, a) the spiracles are borne 
at the tip of a long, extensile tube, which is raised above the surface film 
while the larva feeds at will beneath the water; the gills, two in number, 
are about midlength of the tube. The larva of Trichocera has a pair of 
thoracic stigmata in addition to the caudal spiracles. 
In many crane-fly larvae the body is provided with fleshy transverse 
folds, which are armed with chitinized points and roughened areas to 
assist in locomotion. These are best developed in the Pediciini (fig. 122, 5), 
in which they resemble pseudopodia. The larvae of the Cylindrotominae 
(fig. 122, ) are covered with spines and thorns of various shapes. 
