THE CrRANE-FLIES oF NEw YorRK— Part I 841 
THE PUPA 
The pupal stage is of short duration, usually a week or two, and is 
spent in or near the larval habitat. In the case of aquatic species the 
pupal existence is passed in the earth adjoining the water in which the 
larva lived, except perhaps in the case of Antocha, which may pupate 
directly in the water. The larvae of many species of Limnobiini, of 
Antochini, and in a slightly lesser degree of most other groups, spin a 
silken case, or cocoon, in which to spend the pupal period. The pupae 
are more or less active and often wriggle about with great agility. 
On the thoracic dorsum the pupa. bears the two breathing horns 
(fig. 123), which.are variously formed in the different groups. They are - 
short, blunt, and flattened in the Limnobiini (fig. 123, 8B), moderately 
elongate and cylindrical in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini (fig. 123, c 
and pb), and the Tipulini (fig. 123, #), short and truncated at their apices 
in the Pediciini (fig. 123, 8). In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 123, a), one of the 
two horns is atrophied, while the other is enormously elongated and serves 
the same function as the extensile breathing tube of the larva. In addi- 
tion to the thoracic spiracles, the pupae of the Hexatomini (fig. 123, F), the 
Eriopterini, and some others have conspicuous lateral abdominal stigmata. 
The abdominal segments generally have rows of spines or chitinized 
points arranged transversely around the caudal margin (fig. 123, H), which 
help the insect in moving about and serve to keep the tender part of 
the abdomen from contact with the earth. In the Hexatomini (fig. 123, F) 
similar spines are developed on the thorax, on the head, and even on the 
face of the compound eye. In the Cylindrotominae (fig. 123, a) these 
spines are very highly developed. Smooth-bodied pupae, such as are 
found in the Limnobiini, are usually inclosed in a silken tube which 
keeps them from contact with the soil. 
When the insect is ready to transform to the final, or adult, stage, the 
pupa makes its way to the surface of the earth, to which it remains attached 
by the caudal part of the abdomen. The thoracic notum then splits 
down the mid-dorsal region in a straight line, and thru this opening the 
adult fly emerges. Before the chitin of the body hardens, the insect is 
very weak and pallid, but in a short time the body expands to its full 
size and becomes hardened and fully colored, and the dangerous period 
of transformation is over. 
