THe CRANE-F LIES oF New YorK— Part I 847 
The mouth parts and the head capsule of the Diptera have been studied 
recently by Peterson (1916). The following summary of the mouth parts 
is taken largely from his paper: 
The mazillae are the paired organs lying below the labrum and above 
the labium, one on either side. In generalized forms, such as Trichocera, 
they consist of a small triangular cardo, an elongate stipes bearing the 
needle-like galea, and the palpus. The maxillary palpi are primitively 
five-segmented but in almost all crane-flies only four segments are apparent; 
in certain cases the reduction in segments is rather extreme; this is dis- 
cussed more in detail below. In the Limnobiini (Limnobia, Geranomyia) 
the stipites are entad of the postgenae and have their proximal ends 
united. In the Tipulini (Tipula) the two stipites are completely united 
along their ner margin to form a single median plate. The galeae are 
prominent in Trichocera, but are very reduced in Geranomyia and are 
entirely lacking in Tipula. 
The labium, or lower lip, is the ventral, or posterior, unpaired organ. 
It consists of a basal immovable part, made up of the mentwm and the 
submentum, and a movable part, or ligula, the basal sclerites of which 
are called by Peterson the thecae, the furcae, and so on, and the distal 
parts the glossae and the paraglossae. 
The epipharynx lies behind the labrum and fuses with it to form the 
labrum-epipharynz. The hypopharynx is the prolonged cuticular lining 
of the opposite side of the mouth cavity. In such genera as Trichocera, 
Limnobia, and Tipula, studied by Peterson, the labrum-epipharynx and 
the hypopharynx are short, but in Geranomyia, which has an elongate 
rostrum, these parts are correspondingly elongated. 
There are two tribes containing one or more genera in which the mouth 
parts are greatly elongated, being in many instances longer than the 
remainder of the body. In the tribe Limnobiini the genus Geranomyia is 
thus characterized, and in the tribe Antochini the genera Elephantomyia, 
Rhampholimnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina. These may be dis- 
cussed briefly. 
In Geranomyia (fig. 124, a) the most evident parts of the beak are 
styliform and greatly elongated, consisting of the labrum-epipharynx, the 
hypopharynx, and the conspicuous divergent lips, the paraglossae, which 
extend far beyond the other elements; the maxillary palpi are located 
far back on the organ at about one-third its length, and are reduced in 
